Abstract
Covid-19 and measures to contain spreading the disease have led to changed physical activity behavior. This study aims to investigate the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and changes in the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during the Covid-19 crisis. Using the Dutch Lifelines Covid-19 cohort study (n = 17,749), the amount of MVPA was measured at 15 time-points between March and December 2020, and compared with the amount before the Covid19 pandemic. For SES, the population was stratified in three education and income levels. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) of altered MVPA for low and high SES groups, with the middle SES category as the reference group. A clear socioeconomic gradient in changes in MVPA behavior was observed. Low educated individuals had significantly higher odds (OR = 1.14; CI: 1.03–1.27) of decreasing MVPA, while the high educated had significantly lower odds of decreased MVPA (OR = 0.84, CI: 0.79–0.90). Both low education (OR = 0.87; CI: 0.77–0.98) and low income (OR = 0.85; CI 0.78–0.92) had significantly lower odds to increase MVPA, while high education (OR = 1.21, CI: 1.12–1.30) and high income (OR = 1.17; CI: 1.07–1.28) had significantly higher odds to increase MVPA. Most findings were consistent over the full research period. Socioeconomic inequalities in MVPA have increased during the Covid-19 pandemic, even when Covid-19 containment measures were relaxed. Our findings suggest that future public health policies need to increase efforts to improve physical activity behavior with an even larger focus on low SES groups.
Highlights
The social distancing measures and lockdowns implemented by many countries around the world to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic have led to dramatic changes in physical activity levels (Wilke et al, 2021; Tison et al, 2020a)
The aim of this study is to investigate the association between socioeconomic status and the probability of decreasing or increasing the amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), compared with the amount of MVPA before Covid-19 containing measures were implemented
Our findings show a widening socioeconomic gradient in MVPA that per sisted over 9 months, including a period when many Covid-19 containment measures that harm physical activity opportunities were lifted
Summary
The social distancing measures and lockdowns implemented by many countries around the world to contain the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic have led to dramatic changes in physical activity levels (Wilke et al, 2021; Tison et al, 2020a). These changes may vary between different societal groups. To limit the spread of the disease, most national governments implemented social distancing and other measures (Wilder-Smith and Freedman, 2020) Many of these, such as the closure of schools and businesses, as well as bans on social gatherings and sporting events, have severely affected the opportunities to engage in physical activity (Parnell et al, 2020). A significant decrease in MVPA levels has been observed (Tison et al, 2020b; Mar tínez-de-Quel et al, 2021)
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