Abstract
Vitamin D receptors (VDR) are present throughout the male reproductive axis. Experiments with mutant VDR null mice show that Vitamin D deficiency is associated with decreased sperm count and motility. Human studies show that VDR expression is inversely related to sperm concentration in infertile men and that seasonal variations exist in semen analysis (SA) parameters (including improved morphology in winter). Prior studies with infertile females demonstrate that a Vitamin D threshold effect exists, with levels >30 ng/mL significantly improving pregnancy rates.
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