Abstract
Canada’s coastline presents challenges for charting. Within Arctic regions, in situ surveying presents risks to surveyors, is time consuming and costly. To better meet its mandate, the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) has been investigating the potential of remote sensing to complement traditional charting techniques. Much of this work has focused on evaluating the effectiveness of empirical satellite derived bathymetry (SDB) techniques within the Canadian context. With greater knowledge of applying SDB techniques within Canadian waters, CHS is now interested in understanding how characteristics of optical sensors can impact SDB results. For example, how does the availability of different optical bands improve or hinder SDB estimates? What is the impact of spatial resolution on SDB accuracy? Do commercial satellites offer advantages over freely available data? Through application of a multiple band modelling technique to WorldView-2, Pléiades, PlanetScope, SPOT, Sentinel-2, and Landsat-8 imagery obtained over Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, this paper provides insight into these questions via comparisons with in situ survey data. Result highlights in the context of these questions include the following: Similarities between sensors: Overall linear error at 90% (LE90) results for each sensor ranged from 0.88 to 1.91 m relative to in situ depths, indicating consistency in the accuracy of SDB estimates from the examined satellites. Most estimates achieved Category of Zone of Confidence level C accuracy, the suggested minimum survey accuracy level for incorporating SDB information into navigational charts. SDB coverage: Between sensors, differences in the area of the sea floor that could be measured by SDB were apparent, as were differences in the ability of each sensor to properly represent spatial bathymetry characteristics. Sensor importance: Though relationships between SDB accuracy and sensor resolution were found, significant advantages or disadvantages for particular sensors were not identified, suggesting that other factors may play a more important role for SDB image selection (e.g., sea floor visibility, sediments, waves). Findings from this work will help inform SBD planning activities for hydrographic offices and SDB researchers alike.
Highlights
Canadian Digital Elevation Data Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1928 Digital Elevation Model U.S Federal Geographic Data Committee Geospatial Data Base International Organization for Standardization Mean High Water Level Mean Sea Level North American Datum of 1983 (Canadian Spatial Reference System) National Hydro Network National Topographic Data Base National Topographic System Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission iv
An imaginary line on the ground connecting an infinite number of points of equal elevation recorded in metres or feet relative to mean sea level based on the North American Datum 1983 horizontal reference datum
These product specifications apply to the Canadian Digital Elevation Model (CDEM)
Summary
Canadian Digital Elevation Data Canadian Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1928 Digital Elevation Model U.S Federal Geographic Data Committee Geospatial Data Base International Organization for Standardization Mean High Water Level Mean Sea Level North American Datum of 1983 (Canadian Spatial Reference System) National Hydro Network National Topographic Data Base National Topographic System Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission iv. An imaginary line on the ground connecting an infinite number of points of equal elevation recorded in metres or feet relative to mean sea level based on the North American Datum 1983 horizontal reference datum. A digital representation of relief composed of an array of elevation values referenced to a common vertical datum and corresponding to a regular grid of points on the earth's surface. These elevations and can be either ground or reflective surface elevations. Height of a point related to the geoid, usually determined by horizontal levelling and gravimetry, and presented in general as an MSL elevation
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