Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium are a common cause of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to tubal factor infertility (TFI). TFI is one of the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems. STIs can also have an impact on pregnancy, leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Escalating antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium represents a significant problem and can be therapeutically challenging. We present a comprehensive review of the current treatment options, as well as the molecular approach to this subject. We have given special attention to molecular epidemiology, molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance.
Highlights
Infection agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi can impair various human functions, including reproduction and pregnancy
This paper presents the latest data on molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance
There are an estimated 357 million new cases worldwide of four curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among people 15–49 years of age: C. trachomatis is acquired by 131 million people, N. gonorrhoeae is acquired by 78 million people, syphilis by 5.6 million people, and trichomoniasis by 143 million people [9]
Summary
Infection agents such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi can impair various human functions, including reproduction and pregnancy. Among the most common microorganisms which cause sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and, to a lesser extent, Mycoplasma genitalium [1,2,3]. TFI ranks among the most common causes of infertility, accounting for 30% of female fertility problems [6]. Microorganisms such as C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae can affect tubal patency but are associated with pregnancy complications, including ectopic pregnancy, recurrent pregnancy loss, and preterm birth [7]. Genitalium can play a role in pregnancy complications [7,8] Infections caused by these pathogens are common around the world and have a great impact, as mentioned, on reproductive health. This paper presents the latest data on molecular diagnostics, current and new treatments, and drug resistance
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