Abstract
Reclamation is one of the most prominent anthropogenic activities affecting tidal flat morphology and the related ecosystem service. Two representative types of reclamation are upper-flat enclosure and lower-flat enrockment. From a historical perspective, different type of reclamation was adapted in different areas in ancient China. As previous studies on reclamation are often site-specific, the reason that leads to such a difference is unclear. The intertidal dynamic equilibrium theory (DET) provides a comprehensive framework for this quest. Here, we extend the DET with additional effects of reclamation. A model based on DET (DET-ESTMORF) was applied to investigate the impact of reclamation on tidal flats. The model was validated by comparing our results against previous records and observations. Results show that both types of reclamation induce morphological adjustment by enhancing local accretion, which upset the previous equilibrium. Specifically, upper-flat enclosure drives tidal flats into evolution toward wave dominance, whereas lower-flat enrockment causes adjustment toward tidal dominance. Next, the impact of reclamation on tidal flats in different states (prograding or retreating) was investigated. We show that both enclosure and enrockment can induce accretion despite the varying wave climate and sediment supply, with the mean accretion rate raised by 1.8 cm/year and 1.2 cm/year, respectively. However, the resulting profiles are different in shape, especially on retreating flats. Finally, we point out that tidal range and sediment supply are the potential reasons affecting the choice of reclamation types in practices.
Highlights
Coastal wetlands like tidal flats are experiencing great pressure and becoming more vulnerable due to global climate change, reduced fluvial sediment supply, and intense coastal urbanization (Syvitski et al, 2009; Kirwan and Megonigal, 2013; Murray et al, 2019)
We focus on: (1) the response of tidal flat equilibrium to two types of reclamation, (2) how such response varies in different states, and (3) the potential causes that lead to different choices of reclamation in practice
We show that tidal flat equilibrium is broken by reclamation by weakening the local tidal or wave forcing
Summary
Coastal wetlands like tidal flats are experiencing great pressure and becoming more vulnerable due to global climate change, reduced fluvial sediment supply, and intense coastal urbanization (Syvitski et al, 2009; Kirwan and Megonigal, 2013; Murray et al, 2019). Many countries have reclaimed coastal wetlands for agriculture, aquaculture, industrial use, and urban expansion for centuries, including the United Kingdom (Doody, 2004), the United States (Kennish, 2001), Netherlands (Hoeksema, 2007), and China (Ma et al, 2014; Wang et al, 2014). Around the globe, this practice has caused 25–50% loss of coastal wetlands over the last 50–100 years, and the loss continues at present days, with around 8,000 km each year (Pendleton et al, 2012)
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