Abstract
Many word forms map onto multiple meanings (e.g., “ace”). The current experiments explore the extent to which adults reshape the lexical–semantic representations of such words on the basis of experience, to increase the availability of more recently accessed meanings. A naturalistic web-based experiment in which primes were presented within a radio programme (Experiment 1; N = 1800) and a lab-based experiment (Experiment 2) show that when listeners have encountered one or two disambiguated instances of an ambiguous word, they then retrieve this primed meaning more often (compared with an unprimed control condition). This word-meaning priming lasts up to 40 min after exposure, but decays very rapidly during this interval. Experiments 3 and 4 explore longer-term word-meaning priming by measuring the impact of more extended, naturalistic encounters with ambiguous words: recreational rowers (N = 213) retrieved rowing-related meanings for words (e.g., “feather”) more often if they had rowed that day, despite a median delay of 8 hours. The rate of rowing-related interpretations also increased with additional years’ rowing experience. Taken together these experiments show that individuals’ overall meaning preferences reflect experience across a wide range of timescales from minutes to years. In addition, priming was not reduced by a change in speaker identity (Experiment 1), suggesting that the phenomenon occurs at a relatively abstract lexical–semantic level. The impact of experience was reduced for older adults (Experiments 1, 3, 4) suggesting that the lexical–semantic representations of younger listeners may be more malleable to current linguistic experience.
Highlights
The ability to rapidly and accurately retrieve word meanings is critical for successful language comprehension, but is challenging for words with multiple meanings
We propose that our linguistic experience can shape our lexical–semantic representations at longer time-scales, such that following repeated encounters with a particular word meaning over a period of days/weeks/ years would increase the accessibility of that meaning relative to the word’s other meanings
In Experiment 1 we examine the time-course of word meaning priming in a situation where participants obtain minimal experience with the ambiguous words: participants heard just one or two instances of the ambiguous word primes within a radio programme and completed a web-based experiment to measure their meaning preferences for these ambiguous words
Summary
The ability to rapidly and accurately retrieve word meanings is critical for successful language comprehension, but is challenging for words with multiple meanings. Given that over 80% of common English words have more than one dictionary definition (Rodd, Gaskell, & Marslen-Wilson, 2002), the processes that enable readers/listeners to select appropriate word meanings and reject contextually inappropriate meanings form a core (and much studied) component of the language comprehension system (Twilley & Dixon, 2000; Vitello & Rodd, 2015).
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