Abstract
Major changes in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) food packages that were implemented in 2009 included reductions in the amount of milk and 100% juices, as well as the removal of whole milk from food packages. In analyzing the effect of these changes on the beverage consumption of Texas WIC children ages two to four, we found a significant decrease in the amount of whole milk consumed, and this decrease was partially offset by the increase in the amount of lower-fat milks consumed. Intakes of both desirable and undesirable nutrients from milk were decreased.
Highlights
Background and Related Research on WICWIC began as a pilot program in 1972 and became permanent in 1974
Our final sample consists of 2,782 observations of Texas WIC-participating children ages two through four, with 1,339 before the WIC food package revisions and 1,443 observations after the WIC food package revisions
This study analyzed the effect of WIC food package changes on the amount and the type of fluid milk and frequencies of other beverages consumed by Texas WIC children ages two through four
Summary
Background and Related Research on WICWIC began as a pilot program in 1972 and became permanent in 1974. Much of the existing literature devoted to WIC has focused on food and nutrient intake as well as the health outcome of its target population (Rose, Habicht, and Devaney 1998, Burstein et al 2000, Oliveira and Gundersen 2000, Ponza et al 2004, Siega-Riz et al 2004, Oliveira and Chandran 2005, Ishdorj, Jensen, and Tobias 2008, Yen 2010). Erb, and Jenkins (2001) examined the types of milk that were consumed by children participating in the New York State WIC program before the changes in WIC food packages and found that 75 percent of WIC-participating children consumed whole milk, while only 6.9 percent consumed exclusively 1% and/ or skim milk. They found that children tended to drink the same type of milk as other members of the household
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