Abstract
The following research examined the impact of pilot expertise and action planning on the ability to project forward a future state of an aircraft. Seventy-seven novice and expert pilots were asked in multiple trials to choose control actions that would change a current flight state depicted by cockpit instruments into a goal flight state, and then to judge whether a subsequent display of cockpit instruments showed the future state of the aircraft relative to the stated goal. Control movement selection, a measure of action planning accuracy, and future state judgment accuracy were recorded. The results suggest that expert action planning is directly linked to an ability to project forward a future state. In contrast, novice ability to project forward is independent of action planning accuracy. The results are discussed in terms of the separability of Endsley's levels of situation awareness.
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