Abstract
The effect of norepinephrine (“NE”) on Gram-negative bacteria is well characterized; however, little is known about the impact of NE on cutaneous Gram-positive skin residents, especially staphylococci. In this study, the impact of NE on monospecies and dual-species biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus model strains was investigated for the first time. Biofilms were grown in two different models (on polytetrafluoroethylene (“PTFE”) cubes and glass microfiber filters (“GMFFs”)) and additionally kinetic measurements of bacterial growth was performed. We have shown that NE can affect the biofilm formation of both species with a strong dependence on aerobic or anaerobic culture conditions in different models. It was shown that S. epidermidis suppresses S. aureus growth in dual-species biofilms and that NE can accelerate this process, contributing to the competitive behavior of staphylococci.
Highlights
We studied the impact of NE on the growth of planktonic cultures and monospecies and dual-species biofilms of S. epidermidis and S. aureus strains
4.0 in the control), and the maximal OD540 increased (OD540 = 1.15 vs. 1.01 in the control), whereas the doubling time was the same. These results suggested that NE can induce biofilm growth at the late exponential phase, and they are in accordance with the stimulation we observed on PTFE cubes after 24 h in anaerobic conditions, but they were opposite to the biofilm inhibition on cubes after 72 h
We focused on the impact of the human hormone norepinephrine on mono-species and dual-species biofilms of two closely related competitive species, S. aureus and S. epidermidis, in different systems
Summary
Academic Editors: Ilana Kolodkin-Gal and Yun Chen. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Staphylococci are a well-known genus of Gram-positive pathogenic and saprotrophic bacteria in the phylum Firmicutes. They are commensal microorganisms of the skin microbiota that form multi-species biofilms with other cutaneous bacteria and interact with human humoral regulatory systems and hormones, especially catecholamines [1,2]. Staphylococci are characterized as forming cellular clusters and as facultative anaerobic nonmotile microorganisms. Despite the increased danger of infection, staphylococci are considered to be components of the normal microbiota of skin and mucosal membranes
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