Abstract
Opportunistic networks (OppNets) provide a scalable solution for collecting delay‑tolerant data from sensors for their respective gateways. Portable handheld user devices contribute significantly to the scalability of OppNets since their number increases according to user population and they closely follow human movement patterns. Hence, OppNets for sensed data collection are characterised by high node population and degrees of spatial locality inherent to user movement. We study the impact of these characteristics on the performance of existing OppNet message replication techniques. Our findings reveal that the existing replication techniques are not specifically designed to cope with these characteristics. This raises concerns regarding excessive message transmission overhead and throughput degradations due to resource constraints and technological limitations associated with portable handheld user devices. Based on concepts derived from the study, we suggest design guidelines to augment existing message replication techniques. We also follow our design guidelines to propose a message replication technique, namely Locality Aware Replication (LARep). Simulation results show that LARep achieves better network performance under high node population and degrees of spatial locality as compared with existing techniques.
Highlights
The rapid growth of human population and the increasing flow towards urban areas [1] indicates a need for smart sustainable cities, where there are preventive maintenance activities and resource optimization for critical infrastructure such as transportation, communications, water, and energy.In order to achieve this, information communications technology (ICT) is tasked with developing economical and pervasive solutions to improve the quality of life through efficient urban operations and services
We propose the Message Progress Tracking (MPTrack) mechanism, which with the information in message headers alone, computes a measure from which the progress messages have made towards their respective destination nodes can be inferred
We present and discusses the simulation results of Locality Aware Message Dropping (LAMeD), Locality Aware Replication (LARep) and the replication techniques selected for comparison in two parts that are detailed in Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2
Summary
The rapid growth of human population and the increasing flow towards urban areas [1] indicates a need for smart sustainable cities, where there are preventive maintenance activities and resource optimization for critical infrastructure such as transportation, communications, water, and energy. In order to achieve this, information communications technology (ICT) is tasked with developing economical and pervasive solutions to improve the quality of life through efficient urban operations and services. With the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), which would see sensors widely deployed in the environment and embedded in physical objects, the applications are almost limitless. The sensors in IoT scenarios need to be connected to the Internet in order to share the generated information across multiple platforms and facilitate various applications. A backhaul is required to collect and convey sensed data to gateways that are connected to remote
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