The impact of major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms on the ability to quit smoking: A Case Control Cohort

Abstract

To determine if patients’ level of effort (LOE) in therapy sessions during traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation modifies the effect of compliance with the 3-Hour Rule of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.Propensity score methodology applied to the TBI Practice-Based Evidence database, consisting of multisite, prospective, longitudinal observational data.Acute inpatient rehabilitation facilities (IRF).Patients (N=1820) who received their first IRF admission for TBI in the United States and were enrolled for 3- and 9-month follow-up.Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective-17, FIM Motor and Cognitive scores, Satisfaction with Life Scale, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9.When the full cohort was examined, no strong main effect of compliance with the 3-Hour Rule was identified and LOE did not modify the effect of compliance with the 3-Hour Rule. In contrast, LOE had a strong positive main effect on all outcomes, except depression. When the sample was stratified by level of disability, LOE modified the effect of compliance, particularly on the outcomes of participants with less severe disability. For these patients, providing 3 hours of therapy for 50% or more of therapy days in the context of low effort resulted in poorer performance on select outcome measures at discharge and up to 9 months postdischarge compared to patients with <50% of 3-hour therapy days.LOE is an active ingredient in inpatient TBI rehabilitation, while compliance with the 3-Hour Rule was not found to have a substantive effect on the outcomes. The results support matching time in therapy during acute TBI rehabilitation to patients’ LOE in order to optimize long-term benefits on outcomes.