The impact of low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy on testicular function in adult rats

Abstract

Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) has been introduced as a treatment for penile diseases. Its impact on testicular function during treatment remains unknown. To clarify whether Li-ESWT impairs testicular function during the treatment of penile diseases by investigating the impact of Li-ESWT on testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis in adult rats. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally divided into the following three groups: control group, 1.6 BAR group, and 3.2 BAR group. Rats in the experimental groups were treated with Li-ESWT at different energy levels (300 shocks at 1.6 BAR or 3.2 BAR, 2Hz frequency) three times a week for 3weeks. The control group did not receive any treatment during the same period of time. One day after the last shock wave treatment, serum and testicular tissue testosterone concentrations were measured, and sperm quality was assayed. Histologic examination of the testes and quantitative real-time PCR were performed. Testosterone levels in both the serum and testicular tissue did not change after Li-ESWT exposure. The expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD)) were not impacted by Li-ESWT. The 3.2 BAR group showed a significantly lower sperm count and lower expression of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) in testicular tissue than the control group. No significant differences in sperm quality or SYCP3 expression were observed between the control group and the 1.6 BAR group. Li-ESWT exposure at 3.2 BAR inhibited spermatogenesis and decreased sperm quality, which indicated that male patients with a desire to preserve fertility should undergo low-energy Li-ESWT or other treatment modalities.