Abstract
In spite of hydrology and geology disciplines` are relatively well known in Iraqi management strategy, unlike soil and its distribution system. Thus, describing strong indicator for evaluating water pathways, minerals, and materials in different soils is necessary to reduce the associated risks. However, the aim of this research is identified the change in soil behavior by observation, and interpretation the facts for effective indication mode. This mode is evaluated some features and properties in (soil- water) horizons from a focus on land use change in (e.g built up and rural) areas compared with riparian sites in middle region of Iraq. The evaluation is included field sampling by using `Drill auger` instrument and laboratory tests for analysis. The results areinterpreted as onset of soil impairment indices under changing in human activities, agricultural practices, climate change and effect of water movement. The elements are considerably bound with silt and clay particles which ultimately minimize leaching ability to lower layers in each horizon. The free access of water and air allows rapid oxidation of elements and caused materials corrosion and the output of leaches which can contaminate ground water and surface water. Besides, some elements are negatively correlated with concentrations of calcium carbonate. The content of sulfur compound in assorted land uses is uneven and increased with increase water content or agitating time. Also, the sulfur oxidation even if small proportion in fill material lead to the output of polluted drainage water and attack construction material when structural backfill and for bulk fill. Thus, its significant to consider these features for ameliorative engineering behavior.
Highlights
Soil is at crossway of biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and has a crucial role in all aspects of ecology and human survival
The type of samples were taken as; Disturbed samples (DS) were collected from the auger cuttings at different depths; Split Spoon Samples (SS) were obtained from a standard split spoon used in the S.P.T (Standard Penetration Test); and Undisturbed Samples (US) were obtained using Shelby tubes depending on stratification of soil
The comparative soil survey has identified a potential impairment in local soils which may lead to a large future risk impacted lands and water resources
Summary
Soil is at crossway of biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and has a crucial role in all aspects of ecology and human survival. In Iraq, despite of vital case of soil there has been a remarkable shortage in information on (soil – water) system formed major components of urban and rural environments [3]. In this way, soil survey can support to evaluate several aspects of soil characteristics. The impairment of soil is usually begun with bad management and deterioration of vegetation cover This is led to more compaction, accelerated water erosion, decreased porosity, increase bulk density, and surface crusting, reduction in infiltration rate, and in turn loss of soil fertility [6]. River banks are substantial transition between aquatic and terrestrial environment [8] and play a essential role in materials cycle of water bodies
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