Abstract
Metaldehyde has been detected in surface water and drinking water in the UK, exceeding the EU and UK standard of 0.1 μg L−1. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) is considered to affect the removal efficiency of metaldehyde using traditional treatment methods such as adsorption by granular activated carbon. This paper selected humic acid (HA) to represent NOM and investigated the single and binary adsorption systems of metaldehyde and HA by powdered activated carbon (PAC). Metaldehyde was effectively removed by PAC in both systems. Since the percentage removal of metaldehyde was only 3% lower in the binary adsorption system, HA was therefore not considered as a significant compound competing with metaldehyde for adsorption sites on PAC. An adsorption equilibrium study and kinetic study for metaldehyde in a single system suggested that the Langmuir isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model were more suitable in this case than the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The two models revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of metaldehyde by PAC was 28.3 mg g−1 and the adsorption rate (k2) was 0.16 g mg−1 min−1. The effect of pH of metaldehyde solution was also investigated in a single system. Higher percentage removal of metaldehyde was found under alkaline conditions. In contrast to metaldehyde, HA was not effectively and efficiently removed by PAC in both systems, even with higher PAC dosages and longer contact times. Hence, the microporous and mesoporous PAC was suitable for removing metaldehyde even in the binary system.
Highlights
Metaldehyde (C8H16O4), a highly polar organic compound and a cyclic tetramer of aldehyde (CH3CHO), is the active ingredient in 80% of slug repellents and it has been widely-used globally for agricultural purposes and gardening.[1]
Metaldehyde could be effectively removed from aqueous media by the powdered activated carbon (PAC) used in this study with a maximum adsorption capacity of 28.3 mg gÀ1 and it could reach equilibrium with an adsorption rate (k2) of 0.16 g mgÀ1 minÀ1
The presence of humic acid (HA) in the binary system did not significantly affect the amount of metaldehyde adsorbed onto the PAC used in this study but it slowed down the adsorption rate 20 | RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 11–22
Summary
Metaldehyde (C8H16O4), a highly polar organic compound and a cyclic tetramer of aldehyde (CH3CHO), is the active ingredient in 80% of slug repellents and it has been widely-used globally for agricultural purposes and gardening.[1]. GAC ltration is quite effective in removing pharmaceutical and personal care products such as paracetamol and caffeine.[5] it is not effective in removing metaldehyde in water treatment plants due to the physiochemical properties of metaldehyde[4] such as its low log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) of 0.12 at 20 C 2 that indicates low sorption potential.[6] Advanced oxidation is a trending treatment method that o en involves UV radiation and catalysts to break down organic pollutants into benign substances such as water and carbon dioxide. A costeffective treatment to remove metaldehyde from water is needed
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