Abstract
This study investigates the impact of housing loan/financing on bank risk performances in Malaysia. The data is collected from 12 commercial banks and 12 Islamic banks in Malaysia within the period of 2002-2016. Non-performing loan (NPL) and loan loss provision (LLP) are used as proxies for bank risk and they are regressed with housing loan/financing, expenses, total loan, income, gross domestic product and inflation. The results from Random and Fixed Effect models show that housing loan/financing has significant impact on the NPL and the LLP of commercial banks and Islamic banks. The results also show that even though commercial banks seem to dominate housing loan/financing market, but Islamic banks are capable to compete with commercial bank in this specific type of financing.
Highlights
Traditional architecture despite being regarded as primitive or out dated has always been the main source of references in the social and cultural studies by architects, historian and anthropologists
At least two types of Tunjuk Langit exist in Rumah Limas Bumbung Perak (RLBP)
Papan Pemeleh of RLBP is different compared to those the iconic Papan Pemeleh of the east coast style in Kelantan and Terengganu
Summary
Traditional architecture despite being regarded as primitive or out dated has always been the main source of references in the social and cultural studies by architects, historian and anthropologists. In the state of Perak the development and expansion of the traditional Malay villages and towns during the colonial era outlined an interesting collection of architectural study. Colonial architecture The traditional Malay architecture found along the riverbank of Sungai Perak are mostly in the form of old Malay palaces, traditional houses and mosques whilst the colonial architecture are mostly located in several towns along the river such as Kuala Kangsar, Parit, Bota, Pasir Salak, Kampung Gajah and Teluk Intan where many. A typological study of the traditional architecture established at least two main categories or architectural styles: i. Rumah Limas Bumbung Perak (RLBP) Study done by Anuar Talib (2005), (Norhasandi Bin Mat, 2010) and (Mohd, 2018) found that RBM were the earlier architectural style of the Perak Malay houses in comparison to RLBP. The earliest house of RLBP found was built circa 1900‟s and continue until 1970‟s with certain architectural design development
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