THE IMPACT OF GENDER INEQUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION ON HUMAN WELL-BEING IN THE CASE OF PAKISTAN: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS

Amjad Ali,Yannick Roussel,Marc Audi,Chan Bibi

doi:10.32479/ijefi.8415

Abstract

This study has investigated the impact of gender inequality and environmental degradation on human well-being in the case of Pakistan from 1980 to 2014. Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test is used for stationarity of the variables. Autoregressive Distributed Lag model (ARDL) is used for co-integration among the variables of the model. The results show that gender inequality has a negative and significant impact on human well-being in Pakistan, while gender equality encourages human well-being. The calculated results show that there is positive but insignificant relationship with environmental degradation and human well-being in case of Pakistan. The estimated results show that economic misery has a negative and significant impact on human well-being in case of Pakistan. The estimated results show that economic growth has a positive and significant relationship with human well-being in Pakistan. On the basis of estimated results, it is concluded that gender equality, economic misery and economic growth are playing an important role in determining human well-being in Pakistan. Therefore, in order to improve human well-being, government must reduce gender inequality and economic misery while enhancing in parallel the economic growth.

Highlights

Nowadays the socioeconomic policies of developed and developing countries have given much concern to human wellbeing, as it has a very influential role in the socio-economic development process and it decides the level of investment in human capital and workforce
The results show that human well-being, gender inequality, environmental degradation, and economic growth are positively skewed whereas economic misery is negatively skewed
The results show that gender inequality has a negative and significant impact on human well-being in Pakistan

Summary

Introduction

Nowadays the socioeconomic policies of developed and developing countries have given much concern to human wellbeing, as it has a very influential role in the socio-economic development process and it decides the level of investment in human capital and workforce. Conservative and traditional societies treat the human as a mean and not enough attention is given to human well-being or a better standard of living. After the emergence of the millennium development goals (MDGs), human well-being became the subject of special attention among civil societies, international institutions, and national governments. The United Nations Millennium Development Program enables to raise the slogan “health for all and education for all” among all its member countries. It became a common practice for the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to publish reports and rank countries based on human well-being

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