Abstract
Experimental results are presented on the emissions from a single combustion chamber stove burning wood, coal and processed fuels. This technique was used to permit comparisons to be made of the influence of different fuel types without it being influenced by the effects of secondary combustion. Measurements were made of CO, NOx and fine particulates during the major phases of combustion, namely flaming and smouldering. Measurements of the particulates were made in two ways: firstly using a gravimetric total particulate measurement and secondly using a cyclone technique to give PM2.5 and PM10 size fractions. Smoke emissions from the different fuels were very dependent on the phase of combustion especially for the total particulate results, where flaming phase emissions were much higher than in the smouldering phase. It was found that the particulate emission factors for the wood fuels were dependent on the volatile content whilst the coals followed a different pattern. NOx was linearly dependent on the fuel-N content for all the fuel types, but the relationship for biomass is different from that for coal. CO emissions were very dependent on the combustion phase.
Highlights
A number of countries have introduced energy policies in order to reduce greenhouse gases
The proximate, ultimate, and gross calorific value (GCV) results for each fuel measured in the conventional way presented in Table 2 are consistent with the thermo-gravimetric method (TGA) plots
Eight fuels which included woods, torrefied fuels, coal and smokeless coal and which have substantial differences in their volatile content were burned as lumps in a single combustion chamber residential stove
Summary
A number of countries have introduced energy policies in order to reduce greenhouse gases. In the case of heating applications this has led to an increase in the use of wood burning stoves and boilers in Europe, coal burning appliances are still widely used in many parts of the world. The use of solid biofuels has been the fastest growing energy source in the UK in the last two decades and a similar situation applies across the EU. In many cases these appliances use a single combustion chamber originally designed for the combustion of coal and often the combustion process is poorly controlled. More recently stoves designed for biomass fuels and employing better fuel preparation have reduced the extent of the emissions. There are still concerns about the health effects from fine particles and NOx [1,2,3,4,5] as well as from the influence of black carbon and organic compounds on climate change [6,7]
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