Abstract
This study examined the impact of foreign SO2 emission changes on the aerosol direct radiative effects (ADRE) in South Korea. Simulations that applied basic emissions (BASE) and simulations that applied reduced SO2 emissions from foreign sources (R_FSO2) were performed, respectively, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) two-way coupled model. In addition, the difference between the two experimental results was calculated (i.e., R_FSO2 minus BASE) to quantitatively identify the impact of foreign SO2 emission reduction. The reduction in foreign SO2 emissions caused a decrease in the concentration of SO2 flowing in from overseas to South Korea. As a result, a clear decrease in SO42− concentration was shown mainly in the southwest coast of South Korea. The difference in PM2.5 concentration in South Korea according to the foreign SO2 emission reduction did not correspond to the difference in SO42− concentration; it was determined in a complex way by the changes in SO42− concentration caused by SO2 concentration changes, and the subsequent series of changes in NO3− and NH4+ concentrations. The differences in SO42− and PM2.5 concentrations caused by the foreign SO2 reduction also affected the ADRE changes in South Korea. The distribution of ADRE difference between the two experiments was not consistent with the distribution of PM2.5 concentration difference, but it was very similar to the distribution of SO42− concentration difference. These results imply that the ADRE of South Korea is not simply proportional to PM2.5 concentration and may be determined by concentration changes of SO42−.
Highlights
Sulfate (SO4 2− ) is a major component of PM2.5, and the generation of high-concentration SO4 2−is closely related to SO2 emissions [1]
Concentration (R_FSO2–basic emissions (BASE)) shown in Figure 4b was negative overall, which was determined by the net effect of R4 decrease and R5 increase. These results suggest that the impact of the reduced foreign SO2 emissions is not limited to the decrease in SO42− concentration; it affects concentration changes of NO3− and NH4+ through a series of chemical reactions
Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)–Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) two-way coupled model, this study analyzed the impact of foreign SO2 emission changes on the Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects (ADRE) in South Korea
Summary
Sulfate (SO4 2− ) is a major component of PM2.5 , and the generation of high-concentration SO4 2−is closely related to SO2 emissions [1]. According to Lee et al [3], 8–12% of SO2 in Seoul of South Korea originated from China, and Choi et al [7] reported that the rapid increase in SO4 2− concentration during high-concentration PM2.5 episodes in South Korea was due to the transport of foreign SO2 emissions. Because SO2 emitted from China produces PM2.5 components such as SO4 2− and ammonium sulfate ((NH4 ) SO4 ) through chemical reactions in the process of being transported across the Yellow Sea to. The scattering and/or reflection of solar radiation by aerosols in the atmosphere, affecting the meteorology and air pollutants’ concentration [10,11,12,13], is called Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects (ADRE). Studies of ADRE have been carried out in a variety of ways, mainly using a two-way coupled model
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