Abstract
In 2005, the nutritional content of children’s school lunches in England was widely criticised, leading to a major policy change in 2006. Food and nutrient-based standards were reintroduced requiring primary schools to comply by September 2008. We aimed to determine the effect of the policy on the nutritional content at lunchtime and in children’s total diet. We undertook a natural experimental evaluation, analysing data from cross-sectional surveys in 12 primary schools in North East England, pre and post policy. Dietary data were collected on four consecutive days from children aged 4–7 years (n = 385 in 2003–4; n = 632 in 2008–9). We used linear mixed effect models to analyse the effects of gender, year, and lunch type on children’s mean total daily intake. Both pre- and post-implementation, children who ate a school lunch consumed less sodium (mean change −128 mg, 95% CI: −183 to −73 mg) in their total diet than children eating home-packed lunches. Post-implementation, children eating school lunches consumed a lower % energy from fat (−1.8%, −2.8 to −0.9) and saturated fat (−1.0%; −1.6 to −0.5) than children eating packed lunches. Children eating school lunches post implementation consumed significantly more carbohydrate (16.4 g, 5.3 to 27.6), protein (3.6 g, 1.1 to 6.0), non-starch polysaccharides (1.5 g, 0.5 to 1.9), vitamin C (0.7 mg, 0.6 to 0.8), and folate (12.3 µg, 9.7 to 20.4) in their total diet than children eating packed lunches. Implementation of school food policy standards was associated with significant improvements in the nutritional content of school lunches; this was reflected in children’s total diet. School food- and nutrient-based standards can play an important role in promoting dietary health and may contribute to tackling childhood obesity. Similar policy measures should be considered for other environments influencing children’s diet.
Highlights
The causes, complexities and adverse health effects of obesity are well documented [1,2,3,4,5]
The food children consume at home is of great importance, up to a third of children’s daily energy and micronutrient intake is provided by school lunch [9]
We report a natural experimental evaluation [23] to assess whether the introduction of food- and nutrient-based standards in primary schools had an impact on children’s lunchtime dietary intake and their total diet
Summary
The causes, complexities and adverse health effects of obesity are well documented [1,2,3,4,5]. National Diet and Nutrition Surveys report children’s diets exceed recommended intakes of per cent energy from saturated fat and non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES), and contain low levels of some micronutrients, such as iron [7,8]. The food children consume at home is of great importance, up to a third of children’s daily energy and micronutrient intake is provided by school lunch [9]. Over the last four decades, policy changes have had a significant impact on the nutritional quality of school lunches in England. Despite government introducing food-based standards for school lunches in 2001, [10] findings from a national survey of primary and secondary school lunches reported they contained too much fat and sugar, and lacked key micronutrients [9,11]. In February 2005, TV chef Jamie Oliver’s media broadcast ‘‘Jamie’s
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