Abstract
The effect of energy policies on the energy performance of residential properties/houses in nineteen Portuguese districts from 2014 to 2021 was investigated. A linear random-effects model regression was used as the method in this empirical investigation. The empirical results indicated that the income per capita has a negative effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a positive impact on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, E, and F); the codes and standards energy policies for energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A, B, and B−) and residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, E, and F); the fiscal and financial incentive policies for energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a negative effect on residential properties with B− energy certificate, and also a negative effect on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C and D) and a positive effect on residential properties with an F energy certificate; the information and education policies of energy efficiency have a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, and E); and, finally, the consumer credit per capita has a positive effect on residential properties with high energy efficiency certificates (e.g., A+, A, and B) and a negative effect on residential properties with low energy efficiency certificates (e.g., C, D, and F), as well as a positive effect on residential properties with an F energy certificate.
Highlights
Which energy efficiency policy variables have the most significant effect on energy efficiency in the Portuguese building sector? To answer this question, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of energy efficiency policies on the energy performance of residential properties in Portugal
LogEPCki,t = αk + βk Xt + cik + ui,t where LogEPCki,t is the natural logarithm of the cumulative number of issued energy performance certificates scale, k (k = A+, A, B, C, D, E, and F), for district i in the year t; Xt = [ LogCSEPAt LogFFIPAt LogIEPAt LogIPCCt LogCCPCt ] denotes the vector of the natural logarithm of the explanatory variables at time t; αk is the constant term for the k are the districtregression k and βk are the explanatory variables’ coefficients; and cik and ui,t specific random effect for district i in the regression k and the individual-specific random effect for equation k, respectively
This article addressed the impact of energy efficiency policies on EPCs for residential properties, identifying whether energy policies effectively promote the residential properties’ energy efficiency in Portugal
Summary
Energy consumption is a key element of economic development, high energy consumption has caused climate change and greenhouse gas emissions. Countries, including those in the European Union (EU), have based their policies on energy efficiency. Energy consumption in the building sector of Europe has not increased significantly in recent years, 40% of the total energy consumption in Europe, about one-third of the emissions of greenhouse gas, and 36% of the carbon emissions, which all cause climate change, are due to energy consumption in the residential sector (e.g., De- Boeck et al [1], Wang et al [2], Li et al [3], and the European Commission [4])
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