Abstract
This study investigated the effects of energy consumption (ENY) based on fossil fuels and alternative energy with hydroelectricity as its proxy upon pollution, aside from ascertaining if the correlation between income and pollution determined the presence of Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC). In addition, the functions of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and trade openness (TO) were probed into so as to generate more precise outcomes of EKC hypothesis. Hence, in order to fulfil the objectives outlined in this study, the Bound estimation method was utilized to examine three developing nations of the Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN), which are Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. The main finding of interest retrieved from this paper refers to the EKC hypothesis reflective of Malaysia and Thailand. It was discovered that hydroelectricity favourably lowered the release of carbon emissions in the case of Malaysia, while it insignificantly influenced environmental degradation for Indonesia and Thailand. On the other hand, as anticipated, per capita energy use displayed a significant long-run effect in raising the levels of carbon emission in Indonesia and Thailand. Meanwhile, the FDI inflows seemed to improve the environmental quality only in Malaysia, while deepening in TO among ASEAN-3 nations appeared to successfully minimize issues related to environmental degradation in these countries.
Highlights
The deleterious effects of global warming have begun to affect the human race due to the changes noted in the global climate, for instance, acceleration in rising of sea level (Yi et al, 2017) and increment in risks of wildfires (Kalabokidis et al, 2015)
This study investigated the effect of energy based on fossil fuels and alternative energy with hydroelectricity as its proxy upon pollution among selected three Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) countries, which are Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, over a period ranging from 1980 and 2014
This paper has bridged the gap found in the literature pertaining to environmental economics studies within the context of selected ASEAN-3 nations regarding correlations between carbon emissions, economics growth, energy based on fossil fuel, alternative energy based on hydroelectricity generation, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness (TO) so as to generate a comparison between the emerging economies of Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand on the said terms
Summary
The deleterious effects of global warming have begun to affect the human race due to the changes noted in the global climate, for instance, acceleration in rising of sea level (Yi et al, 2017) and increment in risks of wildfires (Kalabokidis et al, 2015). The global climate system appears to be unambiguously warm with the rising temperature at approximately 0.85 (0.65°C-1.06°C) from 1880 to 2012, as reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). The most significant driver of climate change is the larger emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) being released into the atmosphere. GHG prevents the heat escaping from the earth, causing the earth to become warmer; a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect.
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