The impact of electronic word of mouth on a tourism destination choice

ObjetivoEste estudio propone una extensión del modelo de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TPB) para comprender las intenciones de visitar España de los viajeros internacionales. El objetivo es comparar si las variables que predicen la intención de viajar difieren según la nacionalidad. Esta extensión del modelo incluye variables como: riesgo percibido, lealtad al destino, experiencia de viaje anterior, clima de la opinión pública y el boca a boca electrónico (eWOM).Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe desarrolló un modelo de indicadores y causas múltiples (MIMIC) como modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para predecir la intención de viajar de los 1978 participantes. El modelo estructural se utilizó para comprobar el modelo teórico para la muestra total y por nacionalidades (alemanes, británicos y otros países europeos).RecomendacionesLos modelos ampliados propuestos se ajustaron bien a los datos, explicando entre el 64% y el 68% de la varianza total, si bien se encontraron diferencias en función de la nacionalidad del turista. El modelo MIMIC indicó que la intención de los alemanes de viajar a un destino de vacaciones estaba influenciada por su percepción de riesgo, el eWOM y la lealtad a España. En el grupo británico, solo las variables TPB resultaron relevantes. Para el grupo de otras nacionalidades europeas, la lealtad y el eWOM también fueron significativas. Sin embargo, la experiencia de viaje, utilizada en estudios previos, se mostró no significativa en todos los grupos. En general, estos resultados ofrecen información sobre cómo las personas de diversos países y culturas adoptan los constructos antes mencionados cuando toman decisiones de viaje.Originalidad/valorEstudios previos han aplicado varios TPB extendidos a un país específico o han comparado los resultados entre países asiáticos. Nuestra propuesta hace una comparación de las variables utilizadas para predecir la intención de visitar un destino vacacional entre países europeos.

The novel coronavirus pneumonia has seriously affected the development of tourism in Vietnam and even the whole world. Combining the current of VietNam's mitigation and the gradual recovery of tourism, this paper puts the research perspective on tourists' travel intention, and constructs a new theoretical structure by using TPB and TRA theory, This study presents the findings of a research which examined the relationship Subject norms and perceived behavioral control have a significant impact on Attitude and tourists' desire to travel; the Attitude and desire to travel has a significant positive impact on tourists' travel intention, a little empirical study investigates these relationships together. This article investigates these relationships using SEM with data 437 tourists in the Vietnam. Findings of the study revealed that Attitude mediates the relationship between Subject norms, Perceived Behavioral Control, and Travel intention. Desire to travel mediates the relationship between Subject Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control and Travel intention. Based on the study findings, implications for theory and practice are discussed. Keywords: COVID-19, Theory of planned behaviour(TPB), Theory of reasoned action(TRA),Viet Nam DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-14-07 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

The growth of urban tourism has the potential to increase tourist–resident tensions that limit the sustainable growth of tourism in many destination cities. Visitors’ perceptions of poor tourist–resident relationships and conditions of safety may have an impact on their attitudes, especially with regard to trip satisfaction. This study investigates the roles of tourist–resident relationship and safety perception on the relationship between service quality, trip satisfaction, and word of mouth (WOM). The results of this empirical study (n = 386) show that the tourist–resident relationship and safety perception have significant effects on trip satisfaction, but only safety perception reveals a significant effect on WOM. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the tourist–resident relationship and safety perception moderate the relationship between service quality and trip satisfaction, and that the tourist–resident relationship also moderates the relationship between trip satisfaction and WOM. An understanding of these mechanisms can help governments to create appropriate policies to support the sustainable development of tourism and promote their tourism industries by fostering tourists’ WOM.

Social media has changed the way travellers see and experience their trips. It creates opportunities for travellers to search for useful travel information, choose destinations and also shares their travel experiences. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of positive and negative experiences shared on social media as well as subjective norms towards tourists’ decisions on destination choice by adapting the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Based on a cross-sectional design, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to local tourists in Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 340 respondents were accessed based on the convenience sampling technique. The Multiple Linear Regression technique analysis was employed to test the research hypotheses. The results revealed positive experiences shared on social media and subjective norms perform as important predictors to explain tourists’ behavioural intention to visit a certain destination. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information to destination management organisations in terms of social media management in the development of strategic plans to increase tourists’ behavioural intention.

This study aims to investigate factors that contribute to teacher's behavioral intention to use online communities. To answer the research questions, the survey instrument--The Teacher's Behavioral Intention to Use the Online Community Questionnaire is designed and performed on simple random samples. The collected data is analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The results of this study show that all the research hypotheses are supported by regression analysis except for the relationship between Self-efficacy and Attitude; Collective efficacy and Behavioral Intention; Subjective Norm and Behavioral Intention, respectively. Finally, this study raises implications and provides suggestions.

Tourist subjectivities have an important effect on behavioral intentions. Under the background of normalization, tourism decision-making manifests primarily in tourists’ individual preferences, which has led much research to ignore the importance of other subjective factors, as well as objective environmental factors. In the COVID-19 era, tourism behavior’s social attributes have become more prominent; the effect of important others or organizations’ attitudes toward tourism behavior, as well as personal knowledge, ability, and experience in preventing and controlling tourism risks, are evident. This study integrates knowledge-attitude-behavior (KAB), Theory of Perceived Risk (TPR), Social Identity Theory (SIT), and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), along with a comprehensive framework method, to construct an integrated model exploring the impact of knowledge, identity, and perceived risk on travel intention, to analyze its pathways and effects, to resolve the issue of mechanism, to analyze the moderating effect of past travel experience, and to answer the problem of boundary conditions. It finds that knowledge, perceived risk, and identity have a significant positive impact on travel intention; travel attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control mediate the influence of knowledge, perceived risk, and identity on travel intention; these mechanism pathways do not always exist. The positive adjustment of past travel experiences shows that repeat visitors have a greater impact than newcomers and potential tourists.

This study evaluated the effects of a continuing education class that applied the theory of planned behavior to the intentions and behavior of mental health practitioners. In 2006 a total of 94 mental health practitioners were randomly assigned to either a standard continuing education class or one that applied principles of the theory of planned behavior. The class topic was a brief, self-report tool that assesses felt need for employment among people with serious mental illnesses. Participants' intentions to apply the tool were evaluated before and after each class. Participants' implementation of the tool was measured three months after the class. The class guided by the theory of planned behavior significantly and substantially increased the participants' intentions to use the tool in comparison with the standard class. Significantly more participants in the theory-guided class than in the standard class (74% versus 42%) had applied the tool by the three-month follow-up. Among those who implemented the assessment tool, the participants in the theory of planned behavior class also assessed significantly more of their caseload. The theory of planned behavior can improve and may be well suited to continuing education in psychiatry.

Intención de viajar de los turistas: revisitando el modelo TPB con la edad y el riesgo percibido como moderadores y la actitud como mediadoraPropósitoEste estudio tiene como objetivo comprender la intención de viajar de los turistas durante la pandemia de COVID-19 mediante el uso de la teoría del comportamiento planificado (TPB) con vínculos causales y moderadores adicionales. Los tres objetivos de investigación de este estudio son explorar (1) la causalidad básica, (2) los efectos mediadores de la actitud y (3) los efectos moderadores de la edad y el riesgo percibido, del modelo TPB extendido, respectivamente.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueSe realizó una encuesta online en Taiwán durante la pandemia del COVID-19. En total, la encuesta generó 351 respuestas. El análisis del modelo estructural se realizó para probar las relaciones de causa y efecto en el modelo TPB tradicional y el papel mediador de la actitud de un individuo con respecto a los viajes durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Se aplicó el procedimiento de análisis multigrupo SmartPLS para probar los efectos de moderación de la edad y del riesgo percibido.ResultadosSe muestra que el control del comportamiento percibido es el principal antecedente de la intención de viajar en el TPB tradicional, mientras que la actitud media parcialmente la relación entre la norma subjetiva y la intención de viajar. Además, los tests de moderación confirman que tanto la edad como el riesgo percibido muestran un efecto moderador significativo solo en la relación entre la norma subjetiva y la intención de viajar.Originalidad/valorLa novedad de esta investigación es que este estudio propuso y verificó la influencia mediadora de la actitud y los dos efectos moderadores adicionales de la edad y del riesgo percibido, lo cual profundiza en la comprensión del modelo TPB y el impacto del COVID-19 en la intención de viajar. Dado que el modelo TPB depende del contexto, el uso de una variable mediadora y dos variables moderadoras permite comprender mejor cómo el TPB funciona en una situación diferente.

Purpose This study aims to expand the theory of planned behavior (TPB) by incorporating place attachment as a mediating variable and word-of-mouth (WOM) as a moderating variable and utilizing a mediation–moderation analytical framework to explore tourists’ behavioral intention in marine leisure contexts. Design/methodology/approach This study used anonymous questionnaires and face-to-face data collection as the main survey methods and investigated water sports and marine leisure activities to explore visitors’ views when they participated in marine recreational activities. First, we used JASP to analyze the confirmatory factor analyses with all measures to determine whether the hypothesized construct model fit the data well. Second, structural equation modeling was utilized to explore the interactions of the latent variables in relation to the mediating effects. Findings This research identifies and confirms the important mediating role of place attachment and destination image in the TPB model. Additionally, considering the prevalence of internet technology, this study introduces word-of-mouth (WOM) as a moderating effect, confirming its important reinforcing function in place attachment, destination image and behavioral intention. Practical implications Practically, tourism managers should design experiential interventions – such as storytelling tours, marine heritage events or ecologically themed festivals – that cultivate emotional connection (place attachment) while reinforcing positive destination imagery. This alignment of emotional branding with tourists’ behavioral triggers informed by the TPB offers a strategic roadmap for increasing loyalty, revisit intention and social sharing behaviors, especially through WOM amplification. Originality/value The findings confirm and extend the TPB framework by demonstrating that emotional constructs, specifically place attachment, mediate the influence of TPB variables (attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control) on behavioral intention. The findings suggest that rational decision-making models can be enhanced by incorporating affective bonds to better predict behavior, aligning with recent theoretical advancements that emphasize integrated emotion–cognition models.

Purpose: Identify the key factors influencing the travel intentions of Generation Z Muslims in Bengkulu to visit halal tourism destinations, using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model approach. The study targeted Generation Z Muslims residing in Bengkulu Province, with respondents selected through purposive sampling. Results: Indicate that the intention to visit halal tourist destinations is significantly influenced by factors such as attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and halal awareness. All of these independent factors were found to have a positive effect on travel intentions. Findings: Provide valuable insights for stakeholders in the tourism industry, especially in developing halal tourism products and services that cater to the specific preferences and needs of Generation Z Muslims. Originality : While TPB has been used in past studies, applying it to the context of halal tourism for Generation Z Muslims in Bengkulu is unique. The emphasis on halal awareness as a key influencing factor adds an innovative layer to the existing framework. These results can contribute to enhancing the marketing strategies of halal tourism destinations, ensuring their appeal to this demographic group. Conclussions: Attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, and halal awareness all significantly influence the intention of Generation Z Muslims to visit halal tourism destinations. Type of Paper : Empirical Research Article

The speedy development of IT impacts organizational structure, task design, and the work method of employees. As these changes also affect the power and benefits of some employees, the development of IS is often deterred. The purpose of this study is to analyze the major factors influencing the political behavior of employees in information system development (ISD), and to understand the difference between MIS professionals and users. Two theories are used to create the research model: (1) The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and (2) Social Exchange Theory (SET). Many studies remind us that when people behave politically, they will plan (intend to act) before acting. However, the three stages, antecedent conditions, operating mechanisms and outcomes (Vredenburgh & Maurer, 1984; Robbins, 1992) of the political behavior process fail to reveal the intention process. As the study of political behavior in ISD explored in the context of TPB in order to understand the difference between ”MIS professionals” and ”users” is still rare, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a good vehicle for ascertaining an individual's intention with regard to political behavior. However, as there is still a lack of scholastic analyses on political behavior in ISD based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the impact of ISD factors, like personality and institute properties, should be considered. In view of this, the present study utilities two theories: TPB and SET to analyze the political behavior intention of ”MIS professionals” and ”users” in ISD, and to compare the differences between the two groups. TPB suggests that the best predictor of political behavior in ISD is determined by three basic factors: personal interest, personal perceived capabilities and social influence. The personal interest factor attitude toward political behavior, reflects the individual's intention to behave politically in ISD; the personal perceived behavioral control reflects the individual perception of political efficacy, controllability and resources that he/she can control. The social influence factor, subjective norm, refers to the individual perception of social pressure that pushes them to behave politically in the context of ISD. A person with a Machiavellian disposition, interacting with other people, always attempts to control them. Thus it is possible that the major variables in personality such as i1achiavellism till have an influence on an employee's attitude, subjective norm, perceived political behavioral control and perceived political efficacy. The SET suggests that political behavior in ISD is fundamentally a social exchange behavior. The expectations of reward either from others or from the organization determine the attitude toward an employee's political behavior in ISD. Thus the major variables in SET such as trust, commitment, common values and power might have an influence on employee attitude and subjective norm. In view of this, these variables are included in the research model. In the TPB, these results show that: (1) Attitudes only have a significant effect on MIS professionals' intention with regard to political behavior but do not have a significant effect on those of users. It is possible that MIS professionals have more IS professional Knowledge, permitting them to decide whether or not to accommodate IS by themselves. In contrast, users will not employ political behavior if they have no intensive knowledge of how to do it. Further in the ”forming coalitions” scenario, following others is more adequate than not. (2) The subjective norm, perceived political behavior control, and perceived political efficacy in ISD have significant effects on the intention of both MIS professionals and users. The subjective norm results match the findings of Robinson and Shaver (1973). In this cooperation-is-necessary scenario, players will take into consideration the opinions of important others because they need their support. The perceived political behavior control results are consistent with the studies of Renshon (1974) and Bandura (1986). Irrespective of the role played by employees in the organization, they will engage in political behavior as long as they have controllability. On the practical level of TPB, the implication that management administrators can draw from this is principally that they must understand the employees' roles in the organization and then either eradicate the climate of alliance among employees in the ISD process, or avoid the concentration of duty on individuals. If the status, power and self-interest of employees is reduced and affected by IS, then they will have the intention to behave politically in ISD. Therefore, managers should prevent this before ISD, in order to reduce the risk of ISD failure. With regard to the external factors, the results show that: (1) Machiavellism has a significant effect on both MIS professionals' and users' attitudes, subjective norms, perceived political behavior control, and perceived political efficacy in ISD. In addition, the relationship between strong Machiavellism and political behavior intention is confirmed. (2) In the SET, A. Power type: Type Ⅰ power (negative), type Ⅱ power (positive), and type Ⅳ-B power (negative) for MIS professionals have significant effects on attitude. However Type Ⅰ power and type Ⅲ power for users have a significant negative effect on attitude, with type Ⅲ power for users only having a significant negative effect on subjective norm. The types of employees' power are dynamic, and thus, there is no constant relationship between them and different kinds of political behavior in ISD. These results are inconsistent with the findings of McClelland (1975). B. Common values: This has a significant effect on the attitudes of 1IS professionals only in ISD. C. Commitment: This has a significant effect on the subjective norms of MIS professionals only in ISD. D. Trust: This has significant effects on the attitudes of MIS professionals and the subjective norms of users. On the practical level, among the external factors, only Machiavellism has a significant effect on the attitudes and subjective norms of users. Common value, commitment and trust have a significant effect on MIS professionals' attitudes or subjective norms with regard to political behavior in ISD. However, only trust has a significant effect on users' subjective norms with regard to political behavior in ISD. Therefore, when there is a need to recruit new employees in an organization, it might be useful for management administrators to measure the Machiavellism of selectees, as this is a possible means by which negative political behavior in ISD will be minimized. On the other hand, they should consider the employees' roles in the organization, arouse their sense of common values and commitment to the organization, and promote a climate of trust within the organization. This is perhaps another way to reduce the possibility of political behavior in the ISD. Finally, this study seeks to propose a political behavior intention model in ISD, and to offer other researchers and management administrators some insight into political behavior in the ISD discipline.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of emotions and social influences on loyalty formation towards online travel communities.Design/methodology/approachThe individual (perceived risk) and social (subjective norm and social presence) antecedents of emotions as well as the impact of emotions on attitude and loyalty towards online travel communities are tested through structural equation modelling techniques. The sample consists of 385 active users of online travel communities in Spain.FindingsData analysis shows that perceived privacy and security risk elicit negative emotions such as stress, frustration and fear towards the online travel community. Normative influences (subjective norm) and feeling the presence of other community members (social presence) boost positive emotions towards the online travel community. Interpersonal influences have a positive effect on subjective norm but not external influences. Positive and negative emotions affect preferences towards the online travel community (attitudes) as proposed by social impact theory. Subjective norm and attitude have a direct influence on loyalty towards an online travel community, confirming previous research grounded on theory of reasoned action models.Originality/valueDespite the crucial impact of consumers’ affective states on loyalty formation, research on social media is mainly focused on the technological nature of consumer information exchanges, neglecting other drivers of consumer behaviour beyond the technology employed. This paper develops a model that integrates the relationships between consumer emotions and their individual (perceived risk) and social (social presence and subjective norm) antecedents and outcome variables (attitude and loyalty). The role of social influences is analysed, assessing the conjoint impact of one-way communication (interpersonal influences and mass media) and Web 2.0 communications (social presence) on positive emotions and loyalty formation towards the online travel community.

This study investigates the determinants of tourist revisit intentions within the domain of wellness tourism, focusing on distinctions between domestic and foreign tourists through the amalgamation of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Data from 196 foreign tourists and 187 domestic tourists were analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Multi-Group Analysis (MGA) to test the hypotheses proposed for this study. Results show that perceived benefits and word of mouth strongly affect visitors’ attitudes toward wellness tourism. Additionally, visitors’ attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control significantly influence their intentions to revisit. Variations between domestic and foreign tourists were noted: perceived benefits have a greater impact on foreign tourists’ attitudes, while word of mouth is more influential among domestic tourists. However, no significant differences were found in how perceived behavioral control and attitudes affect revisit intentions across tourist types. These findings contribute valuable insights to frame marketing strategies that enhance visitor revisit intention in the wellness tourism industry.

This study aimed to study the intentions of Malaysian domestic travellers to visit Sabah after the COVID-19 travel restrictions were lifted by exploring the variables of fear of COVID-19, travel anxiety, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, and risk attitude. This study utilizes the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to explore factors impacting travel intentions in a post-pandemic context. SPSS and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) were used to analyse the 303 online survey respondents. The study reveals diverse perceptions among Malaysian domestic visitors regarding travel to Sabah after COVID-19 travel restrictions. Fear of COVID-19 and risk attitude were found to have no significant impact on travel intentions. However, perceived behavioural control, subjective norms, and travel anxiety showed significant relationships with travel intention. The findings offer practical implications for tourism stakeholders to develop targeted strategies for attracting and accommodating domestic travellers in Sabah while contributing to existing knowledge in the tourism and educational field. This study incorporated the TPB model by adding more variables, resulting in a more powerful explanation of post-pandemic travel intentions.

Southeast Asian countries have been regarded as popular holiday destinations among Chinese tourists. In recent years, tourism and travel industries in Southeast Asia have benefited from China's Belt and Road Initiative, drawing a large number of Chinese visitors. This study examined Chinese tourists' revisit intention towards Southeast Asia via an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model. The added variables (destination attachment and past travel experience) can advance the theoretical understanding of the TPB model. This study also examines the moderating role of destination attachment and past travel experience on attitude towards revisit intention. Questionnaires were designed for data collection with 314 completed responses. The results of the study found that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and destination attachment can determine Chinese tourists' revisit intention. Tourism practitioners in Southeast Asian countries need to understand tourists' past behavior and destination attachment on their attitude towards revisiting destination; practitioners can also consider enhancing tourists' emotional connections and attachments to the destination in the post-COVID era. This study's implication serves as a reference for other tourism destinations in the world.