The Impact of Diet and Nutrition on Immune Function: Implications for Health and Disease

Abstract

The relationship between diet, nutrition, and immune function is crucial for maintaining health and preventing disease. This review explores how key nutrients and dietary patterns influence immune responses, highlighting the role of vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients in supporting both innate and adaptive immunity. Micronutrients such as vitamins C, D, A, and minerals like zinc, selenium, and iron are essential for the production of immune cells, antibodies, and regulating inflammation. Macronutrients, including proteins and omega-3 fatty acids, contribute to the immune system by supporting the synthesis of immune cells and modulating inflammatory responses. Dietary patterns also significantly affect immune function. The Mediterranean diet, rich in antioxidants, healthy fats, and fiber, enhances immune regulation and reduces chronic inflammation, while the Western diet, characterized by high sugar, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats, can suppress immune activity and promote inflammation, increasing susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases. Malnutrition, whether through undernutrition or overnutrition, impairs immune function, increasing vulnerability to infections and hindering recovery. Gut health, closely linked to nutrition, also plays a vital role in immune regulation through the gut microbiome. This review underscores the importance of a balanced, nutrient-rich diet in supporting optimal immune function and preventing disease, with implications for both individual health and broader public health strategies. Keywords: Immune function, Micronutrients, Dietary patterns, Chronic inflammation, Disease prevention