The Impact of De-Roofing of Lateral Calcaneal wall in Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Intra-Articular Fractures: Clinico-Radiological Outcomes of a Novel Technique and Review of Literature

Abstract

Abstract Background: Most displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures need to be treated surgically but postoperative soft tissue complications limit to achieve of optimal functional outcomes. Certain mini-invasive techniques lead to better soft tissue healing but anatomical reduction gets compromised. Objectives: We aim to evaluate the results of lateral wall de-roofing of the calcaneum to achieve good anatomical reduction as well as to minimise soft tissue complications in the internal fixation of calcaneal fractures. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients (40 ft) with displaced intra-articular calcaneus fractures (10 were of Sanders type II, 16 were of type III, and 14 were of type IV) were treated between January 2018 and September 2021. All patients were managed surgically with open reduction and internal fixation using lateral extensile approach combined with de-roofing of the lateral wall. All patients were followed up for ≥1 year using functional parameters American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS), visual analogue scale (VAS) and radiological parameters (Bohler angle, Gissane angle, height of the calcaneus, width of the calcaneus and pitch of calcaneus). Results: Out of 32 patients, one patient lost to follow-up. At 1 year follow-up, mean AOFAS hindfoot score was 86.2 ± 5 (Sanders type II: 91.2, Sanders type III: 87.6, and Sanders type III: 81.4), mean VAS score was 91.3 ± 2.1, mean Bohler angle (°) was 27.2 ± 4.7, mean Gissane angle (°) was 136.4 ± 5.2, mean calcaneus height was 46.2 ± 2.1 mm and mean calcaneus width was 45.1 ± 3.2 mm. Patients with decreased Bohler angle between postoperative images and follow-up had lower AOFAS hindfoot scores. Complications included persistent swelling (64.10%), stiffness (33.33%), superficial infections (5.12%), and wound dehiscence (10.25%). Conclusion: Lateral wall de-roofing is a useful technique which allows the lateral wall to get flattened reducing soft tissue complications and providing bone graft as well. This approach also adequately exposes fracture fragments, subtalar and calcaneocuboid joints for good anatomical reduction. Hence, it can act as a useful adjunct in the internal fixation of intra-articular calcaneus fractures. Level of Evidence: III