Abstract
Developmental research has demonstrated that Perceptual Speed is related to higher cognitive abilities and linked to increases in fitness and physical activity participation. Epidemiological research has also shown that there is an inverse relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and all-cause mortality. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of 45 minutes of daily physical education on Perceptual Speed and on fitness performance among youth attending Legacy Charter School. METHODS: An analysis of variance (ANOVA) mixed effect linear model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of 45 minutes of daily physical education and Perceptual Speed among youth in grades 2nd-5th attending Legacy Charter, a Title I school in the southeastern US. Gain scores (final post-test assessment in May 2016 - pre-test assessment in September 2014) were calculated and analyzed for significance. The interaction between school and time was estimated for each outcome. Each analysis was stratified by gender and adjusted by age to control for baseline differences by school. A Title I control school who provided physical education once per week was identified and utilized as a comparison. RESULTS: Legacy Charter School students observed significant gain increases on: 2 of 4 (p<.05) Perceptual Speed sections, including the Total section, compared to 0 of 4 for the control (p<.05). When stratified by gender, Legacy Charter females observed significant gain score increases on 3 of 4 sections. In particular, significant increases were observed in the Total section (Gain Score=14.14; F=8.17; df=1,162; p=0.005) over time. On the PACER fitness test, Legacy Charter School students observed significant gain score increases (Gain Score=9.75; F=64.07; df=1; p=0.000) over time. Legacy Charter School males and females also demonstrated significant increases in gain scores on the PACER test (Males: Gain Score=11.59; F=40.58; df=1,170; p=0.000) (Females: Gain Score=8.06; F=27.26; df=1,166; p=0.000). CONCLUSION: 45 minutes of daily physical education led to increases in Perceptual Speed and fitness performance among Legacy Charter male and female elementary school students over time from 2014 to 2016. Funded by Campbell Young Leaders.
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