Abstract
Changes in annual tree ring width (TRW) and its size depends not only on the changing climate and natural stress factors such as extreme air temperatures, shortages in rainfall and excess rainfall during the growing season, but also on anthropogenic stress, including chemical compounds emitted to the atmosphere or lowering of the groundwater table caused by the operations of plants with high environmental impact. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of meteorological conditions and anthropogenic factors on the size of annual growth of Scots pine tree-stands in the conditions of the climate of central-eastern Poland. On the basis of five created site chronologies in the vicinity of Zakłady Azotowe Puławy (nitrogen factories in Puławy) and using the moving correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis, a significant influence of temperature and precipitation conditions on the TRW size is proved. A significant, positive influence of air temperature on TRW was proved for the majority of chronologies created in the period of January–March, as well as in June, while it remained negative in May. The wide rings of Scots pines were formed when the precipitation of October and January (prior to the resumption of cambium activity) was lower than the average, and higher in April and in June–August. After including the anthropopressure factors in the regression equations, the description of the variability of the annual tree ring width was corrected. The coefficient of determination ranged from approx. 29% to even above 45% and was higher, on average by 10%, for all studied chronologies of Scots pine compared to the one calculated for constructed equations considering only meteorological conditions. The strength and direction of the impact of the independent variables (SO2, NH3, NOx) analysed on TRW mainly depended on the distance from the plants, as well as on the direction of inflow of industrial pollution to the stands examined. In light of the proven climate changes in central and eastern Poland, the growth conditions of pine stands will most likely deteriorate.
Highlights
Growth and development of trees in forest complexes is conditioned by many factors—biotic and abiotic, including, among others: soil and habitat conditions, climate, weather or indirectly dependent on it, gradation of insects and disease occurrence, and the presence of semi-parasitesForests 2018, 9, 661; doi:10.3390/f9110661 www.mdpi.com/journal/forestsForests 2018, 9, 661 or other species of woody plants [1,2,3,4]
The width of the secondary annual increments of forest tree species is one of the indicators used for assessment of the condition of forests exposed to environmental pollution, among others; this involves pollution acidifying the atmosphere, water and soil [24,26]
The tree ring width (TRW) of Scots pine chronology is usually determined by a set of many factors and it is difficult to compare them with the results obtained by other scientists, especially when the created chronologies differ significantly in age and are exposed to strong anthropopressure
Summary
Growth and development of trees in forest complexes is conditioned by many factors—biotic and abiotic, including, among others: soil and habitat conditions, climate, weather or indirectly dependent on it, gradation of insects and disease occurrence, and the presence of semi-parasitesForests 2018, 9, 661; doi:10.3390/f9110661 www.mdpi.com/journal/forestsForests 2018, 9, 661 or other species of woody plants [1,2,3,4]. The natural incremental rhythm of tree stands can be disturbed, by the observed climate changes, and by the emission of pollutants, especially from plants, causing a particular nuisance to the environment or changes in the groundwater level [11,17,18,19,20]. The width of the secondary annual increments of forest tree species is one of the indicators used for assessment of the condition of forests exposed to environmental pollution, among others; this involves pollution acidifying the atmosphere, water and soil [24,26]. In secondary annual tree increments, after proper assignment to the calendar, the content of environmental pollution around plants of high nuisance is determined, e.g., by heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [27,28,29,30]
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