Abstract
Abstract Ciliate interactions including mode of nutrition contribute significantly to freshwater and marine ecosystems. Ciliates associations with their bacterial communities, and symbionts have crucial contributions to biomass productivity, transfer of nutrients to higher trophic levels and thus to sustain the ecosystems. The mixotrophic and heterotrophic ciliates are crucial in nutrient cycling by increasing nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur. Bacterial predator ciliates regulate the bacterial population and function as bioindicators. Endosymbionts in ciliates illustrate the incorporation of photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and recycling, and methanogenesis, into ciliate hosts by endosymbionts. Endosymbiosis represents an evolutionary strategy of protists to acquire novel biochemical functions. Herein, I briefly give an account for the impact of ciliate nutrition on aquatic systems.
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