Abstract
Antarctic ice microalgae (Chlamydomonas sp.) are a polysaccharide-rich natural marine resource. In this study, we evaluated the impact of Antarctic ice microalgae polysaccharides (AIMP) on D-galactose-induced oxidation in mice. We conducted biological and biochemical tests on tissue and serum samples from mice treated with AIMP. We found that AIMP administration was associated with improved thymus, brain, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney index values. We also found that AIMP treatment inhibited the reduced aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione levels as well as the increased serum, splenic, and hepatic nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels arising from oxidation in these animals. Pathological examination revealed that AIMP also inhibited D-galactose-induced oxidative damage to the spleen, liver, and skin of these animals. AIMP was additionally found to promote the upregulation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cuprozinc-superoxide dismutase, manganese superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme oxygenase-1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 as well as the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase in these animals. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed AIMP to be composed of five monosaccharides (mannitol, ribose, anhydrous glucose, xylose, and fucose). Together, these results suggest that AIMP can effectively inhibit oxidative damage more readily than vitamin C in mice with D-galactose-induced oxidative damage, which underscores the value of developing AIMP derivatives for food purposes.
Highlights
Antarctic ice microalgae (Chlamydomonas sp.) are found in both fixed and floating ice in the Antarctic sea
Antarctic ice microalgae polysaccharides (AIMP) and vitamin C treatment group (Vit C) treatments were associated with significant improvements in these organ index values in the D-galactose-treated mice (p < 0.05), with AIMP-induced improvements being significantly better than Vit C-induced improvements
These findings suggest that AIMP treatment is sufficient to inhibit oxidative damage-induced declines in organ index values in D-galactose-treated mice
Summary
Antarctic ice microalgae (Chlamydomonas sp.) are found in both fixed and floating ice in the Antarctic sea. Antarctic ice microalgae are collagen-rich, yellow-to-brown organisms that contain high levels of calcium, iron, iodine, phosphorus, and cellulose, and their mineral element content levels are higher than those in Chlamydomonas monadina [1]. Studies of these microalgae began in the 1960s [2], and recent work has resulted in more deeply characterization of the biochemical and physiological properties of these organisms. Polysaccharides as important bioactive substances have been confirmed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through in vitro cell studies and in vivo animal experiments [9,10,11]. This study is the first to analyze the antioxidant effectiveness of Antarctic ice microalgae as medicinal and health care products
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