Abstract
It is normally accepted that Battery Energy Storage Systems improve frequency regulation by providing fast response to the Automatic Generation Control. However, currently available control strategies may lead to early Energy Storage Systems aging given that Automatic Generation Control requirements are increasing due to zero carbon power generation integration. In this sense, it is important to analyze the aging phenomena in order to assess the technical–economical usefulness of Battery Energy Storage Systems towards zero carbon power systems. In order to avoid early aging, various proposals on aging-reducing algorithms can be found; however, it is unclear if those aging-reducing algorithms affect the performance of Battery Energy Storage Systems. It is also unclear whether those effects must be internalized to properly dimension the capacity of Battery Energy Storage Systems to both comply with performance standards and to prevent early aging. Thus, this paper estimates the storage capacity of a Battery Energy Storage Systems to comply with Automatic Generation Control performance standard under aging-reducing operating algorithms by dynamics simulations of a reduced-order, empirically-validated model of the Electric Reliability Council of Texas. The results show the relationship between the required performance of Automatic Generation Control and Battery Energy Storage System capacity, considering a 1-year simulation of Automatic Generation Control dynamics. It can be concluded that the compliance with performance standards is strongly related to the storage capacity, regardless of how fast the device can inject or withdraw power from the grid. Previous results in the state-of-the-art overlook the quantification of this relationship between compliance with performance standards and storage capacity.
Highlights
The rapid increase of intermittent sources of generation has brought significant challenges to power system operations
It was found that the size storage time of the Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) had a direct relationship with the compliance of the BESS with the considered performance standard from CAISO
The compliance was found to be dependent on the penetration level of wind power, and for the two penetration scenarios of 18 GW and 25 GW, the critical storage time was found to be
Summary
The rapid increase of intermittent sources of generation has brought significant challenges to power system operations. While simple models account for the number of cycles to assess the life time of a BESS, more sophisticated approaches take into account environmental variables and minute-tominute charge/discharge operation [5] This work considers an exploratory simulation to assess the effects of aging-preventive algorithms on AGC BESS performance in order to obtain the smallest BESS size that can comply with AGC performance standards from current practices. Energies 2021, 14, 7231 validated, reduced-order model of frequency dynamics is considered for the case of the Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), and a simple model of an aging-preventive algorithm is considered to obtain numerical results These results answer a central question in the transition to carbon neutral power systems, regarding a proper estimation of the BESS capacity to maintaining AGC performance under the penetration of wind power
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