The impact of aerobic exercise on blood pressure variability

Abstract

There is increasing evidence that blood pressure variability (BPV, variation of blood pressure over time) constitutes a strong and independent marker of cardiovascular risk. The all-cause mortality is >50% greater in subjects with a standard deviation of inter-visit blood pressure >5 mm Hg. Regular aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure and is recommended by current hypertension guidelines as a basic lifestyle modification. It remains elusive, however, whether aerobic exercise is able to reduce BPV as well. In total, 72 hypertensive subjects were randomly assigned to an 8-12-week treadmill exercise program (target lactate 2.0±0.5 mmol l(-1)) or sedentary control. Blood pressure was measured by 24 h-ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABP). Two aspects of BPV were assessed: the variability of ABP and the variability of blood pressure on exertion. The coefficient of variation (CV) was used as a statistical measure of BPV. The CV of systolic daytime ABP was defined as primary outcome. The exercise program significantly decreased systolic and diastolic daytime ABP by 6.2±10.2 mm Hg (P<0.01) and 3.0±6.3 mm Hg (P=0.04), respectively. Moreover, it reduced blood pressure on exertion and increased physical performance (P<0.05 each). Exercise had no impact, however, on the CV of daytime (10.2±2.7 vs. 9.8±2.6%, P=0.30) and night-time systolic (8.9±3.2 vs. 10.5±4.1%, P=0.10) and diastolic ABP (daytime 11.5±3.3 vs. 11.5±3.1%, night-time 12.0±4.3 vs. 13.8±5.2%; P>0.05 each). Regular aerobic exercise is a helpful adjunct to control blood pressure in hypertension, but it has no effect on 24 h- BPV, an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.