Abstract
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of caffeine (CAF), taurine (TUR), and ibuprofen (IBF) consumption on the masculine fecundity in rats and fetuses development.
 Methods: The 1st group was kept as a normal control received distilled water. The 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups received orally 250 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 270 mg/kg of TUR, CAF, and IBF, respectively. In addition, the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th groups received TUR with CAF, TUR with IBF, CAF with IBF, and TUR, CAF, IBF combination, for 45 days. Blood samples were taken to determine testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels and oxidation levels. Moreover, in testes, malondialdehyde and nitrite/nitrate were estimated. Besides, the abnormality of sperms, sperm counts, and percentage of sperm motilities was characterized. These masculines were allowed to mate with untreated masculine rats to determine the rate of pregnancy and study any malformation in their fetuses.
 Results: The study revealed that each of CAF and/or IBF decreased the weights of fetuses, as well as sperm counts and motilities significantly. Besides, percentages of head and tail abnormalities were increased in CAF and/or IBF. The histopathological examination revealed the presence of marked degenerative changes in testes in CAF and/or IBF-treated groups.
 Conclusion: CAF and IBF have a teratogenic effect on spermatozoa and masculine fecundity, whereas TUR almost improved undesirable impacts induced by IBF or/and CAF.
Highlights
Caffeine (CAF), 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine, is considered one of the most commonly prescribed natural remedies in the world for its stimulating effects on the brain and nervous system [1,2]
The current study examined toxicological impacts of the combination of CAF and TUR which are already present in certain energy products, as well as the impact of receiving daily IBF as an over the counter treatment, on testis and fetuses of rats
Impacts of tested treatments on sperm count and motility as well as serum levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Noteworthy, the administration of IBF caused a significant decrease in the sperm count alone (56%) or in combination with CAF (61%) as compared to the control group, whereas the addition of TUR improved sperm counts
Summary
Caffeine (CAF), 1, 3, 7-trimethylxanthine, is considered one of the most commonly prescribed natural remedies in the world for its stimulating effects on the brain and nervous system [1,2]. It is a major part of several consumable foods and drinks, including chocolates, tea, and most famously coffee products. Several cellular pathways are involved in the observed effects of CAF mediated actions including cAMP phosphodiesterase, phosphatidylinositol- 3kinase, and A1-A2A adenosine receptors antagonistic effect [4]. It has been shown to be involved in neurotransmission, osmotic regulation, and reducing oxidative stress [5,6]
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