Abstract
With the aim of improving knowledge about the stability and reliability of anaerobic night soil treatment systems, several researchers have studied the effects of different digester design and operational performance of such digester. In general, anaerobic digesters are affected by changes in external factors, but the severity of the effect is dependent upon the type, magnitude, duration and frequency of the imposed changes. Special attention is paid to the advantages of anaerobic digestion in limiting the emission of greenhouse gases This review summarises the causes, generation rate of night soil , composition of slurry, pathogen and its harmful effects and effects of operation in different digester on anaerobic night soil treatment systems. However, there still remain some unclear technical and scientific aspects that are necessary for the improvement of the stability and reliability of anaerobic processes. An overview of research achievements and future developments is given.
Highlights
In today’s energy crisis, it is recognized that renewable energy sources can be the alterable sources of energy to provide the basis for sustainable energy development on account of their inexhaustible urine
Improper disposal of human excreta results in the contamination of water bodies, human excreta is the principal source of pathogenic organisms, which may be transmitted by direct contact, contaminated water and food, insects and other vectors
Human excreta must be treated before its ultimate disposal into the environment or its use in agriculture in order to reduce the spread of communicable diseases caused by excreted pathogenic organisms and prevent the pollution of the environment, water sources and soil [6]
Summary
In today’s energy crisis, it is recognized that renewable energy sources can be the alterable sources of energy to provide the basis for sustainable energy development on account of their inexhaustible urine. The economy of biogas plants can be improved by using high biogas potential substrates in combination with cattle dung [2] One such substrate being night soil, rich in nitrogen content was added improve the gas production [3,4]. Human excreta chemical characteristics of urine or faeces depend largely on the health of the person excreting the material, as well as on the amount and type by healthy people eating a similar diet are quite similar in both physical and chemical composition. For a night soil biogas digester, a longer retention time (70-80 days) is needed so that the pathogens present in human faeces are destroyed. Design Parameters pH Digestion temperature Retention time (HRT) Biogas energy content Gas production per kg of human excreta Gas requirement for cooking Gas requirement for lighting one lamp Source: Werner, Stohr ami Hccs (1989).
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