Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of cells that regulate the immune response and exert immunosuppressive effects on various immune cells. Current studies indicate that MDSCs have both anti-inflammatory effects and proinflammatory effects on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and RA animal models. MDSCs inhibit CD4+ T cells, which secrete proinflammatory factors such as IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, by inhibiting iNOS, ROS, and IFN-γ and promoting the production of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. MDSCs can suppress dendritic cells by reducing MHC-II and CD86 expression, expand Treg cells in vitro through the action of IL-10, inhibit B cells through NO and PGE2, and promote Th17 cell responses by secreting IL-1β. As a type of osteoclast precursor cell, MDSCs can differentiate into osteoclasts through activation of the NF-κB pathway via IL-1α. Overall, our study reviews the research progress related to MDSCs in RA, focusing on the effects of MDSCs on various types of cells and aiming to provide ideas to help reveal the important role of MDSCs in RA.
Highlights
Lan Yan 1†, Mingge Liang 1†, Tong Yang 1, Jinyu Ji 1, Goutham Sanker Jose Kumar Sreena 1, Xiaoqiang Hou 2, Meiqun Cao 3* and Zhitao Feng 1,2*
Similar reviews have studied the roles of Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in autoimmune arthritis
Rajabinejad et al [59] described the functions of MDSCs and the relationship between MDSCs and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), concluding that there are two different hypotheses related to MDSC function in RA: MDSCs can exert a proinflammatory effect by increasing the number of Th17 cells, but MDSCs can increase the population of Tregs to produce an anti-inflammatory effect
Summary
MDSCs, which are composed of bone marrow progenitor cells and immature myeloid cells (IMCs), are a heterogeneous cell group composed of morphologically, phenotypically, and functionally diverse and highly immunosuppressive myeloid cells [8]. IMCs develop into mature DCs, macrophages, and granulocytes after being generated in the bone marrow and participate in immune responses in specific target organs. IMCs expand in vivo, migrate out of the bone marrow, and accumulate in the peripheral blood and spleen or lesions, where they form MDSCs [10,11,12]. Under pathological conditions, dilated MDSCs can be identified in the blood, surrounding lymphoid tissues, the spleen, cancerous tissues, and inflamed sites in the corresponding target organs. They can inhibit other immune cells through direct contact or cytokine secretion, which usually inhibits the immune response [17]
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