Abstract
We sought to investigate whether regular balance training of moderate intensity (BT) has an effect on changes in selected cytokines, neurotrophic factors, CD200 and fractalkine in healthy older adults and participants with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Sixty-two subjects were divided into groups depending on experimental intervention: (1) group of people with PD participating in BT (PDBT), (2) group of healthy older people participating in BT (HBT), (3,4) control groups including healthy individuals (HNT) and people with PD (PDNT). Blood samples were collected twice: before and after 12 weeks of balance exercise (PDBT, HBT), or 12 weeks apart (PDNT, HNT). The study revealed significant increase of interleukin10 (PDBT, p = 0.026; HBT, p = 0.011), β-nerve growth factor (HBT, p = 0.002; PDBT, p = 0.016), transforming growth factor-β1 (PDBT, p = 0.018; HBT, p < 0.004), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (PDBT, p = 0.011; HBT, p < 0.001) and fractalkine (PDBT, p = 0.045; HBT, p < 0.003) concentration only in training groups. In PDBT, we have found a significant decrease of tumor necrosis factor alpha. No training effect on concentration of interleukin6, insulin-like growth factor 1 and CD200 was observed in both training and control groups. Regular training can modulate level of inflammatory markers and induce neuroprotective mechanism to reduce the inflammatory response.
Highlights
Physical health in older adults is compromised by age-related changes in health status and functionality
Sixty-two subjects were randomly divided into groups depending on experimental intervention: (1) group of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) participating in moderate-intensity exercise (PDBT), (2) group of healthy older people participating in moderate-intensity exercise (HBT), (3) control group including individuals with PD (PDNT) and (4) control group comprising healthy people (HNT)
No significant differences in the main characteristics such as age, gender, height, mass or BMI were found between participants with PD or the remaining participants enrolled in the trial
Summary
Physical health in older adults is compromised by age-related changes in health status and functionality. Human aging is associated with a progressive decline in functioning of the immune system, resulting in low-grade inflammation called inflamm-aging. A major characteristic of this process is chronic activation of the innate immunity and increased levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [1,2]. It has been suggested in studies that the interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is a key link in this communication. Circulating cytokines and inflammatory mediators may contact with macrophages in the regions of the central nervous system (CNS) lacking a typical tight blood–brain barrier [4]. The immune–brain route of communication involves signalling from mediators in the blood to the cerebral endothelial cells, next to the perivascular macrophages which, in turn, provide a signal for the microglia
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