Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mild TBI), often referred to as concussion, is the most common form of TBI and affects millions of people each year. A history of mild TBI increases the risk of developing emotional and neurocognitive disorders later in life that can impact on day to day living. These include anxiety and depression, as well as neurodegenerative conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Actions of brain resident or peripherally recruited immune cells are proposed to be key regulators across these diseases and mood disorders. Here, we will assess the impact of mild TBI on brain and patient health, and evaluate the recent evidence for immune cell involvement in its pathogenesis.
Highlights
Reviewed by: Fiona Crawford, The Roskamp Institute, United States Adam Bachstetter, University of Kentucky, United States
Mild Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a physiological disruption of brain function and occurs due to mechanical distortion of brain tissue, most commonly from a blow to the head, but can be caused by a blast injury frequently seen in soldiers serving in a war zone [7, 8]
Single concussive events in these sports can result in the same myriad of symptoms as a one-off mild TBI in the general population, and may trigger that same initial pathological response; it is the accumulation of injuries and their long-term effect on mood and neurodegenerative outcomes that is often assessed in these athletes
Summary
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a term used to include a spectrum of insults resulting from mechanical injury to the brain. TBI includes injuries that range from severe, with open skull injuries and major parenchymal disruption, to the mildest form of TBI, often termed concussion. Whilst most patients recover and return to their normal self, the clinical outcome of concussion is hard to predict This is because of the heterogeneity of initial trauma, the inability to quantify disease severity and the likely initiation of complex pathogenic pathways [15]. The current review will explicitly refer to evidence of the immune response after human mild TBI, in animal models with high translational relevance to mild TBI (without compromising the skull and no evidence of hemorrhage) and studies that investigate patients with a history of head injury through sport
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