Abstract
PT-peptide is derived from the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus. The peptide, consisting of 34 amino acids, contains a lipopolysaccharide binding domain. In this study, we investigated the effect of PT-peptide encapsulated in raw milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), designated as EVs-PT peptide, on immune regulation. The results showed that raw milk-derived EVs efficaciously delivered the PT-peptide into monocytes and elevated immune activity, including reactive oxygen species level, superoxide anion production, and phagocytosis. PT-peptide and EVs-PT peptide also elevated the secretion of cytokines, such as interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α in human monocytic THP-1 cells. These results suggest that the PT-peptide could be developed as an immune stimulator.
Highlights
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of the natural defenses of most living organisms against invading microorganisms and are relatively small (
PT-peptide was encapsulated in raw milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) by using freeze-thaw cycles
The morphology of the EVs-PT peptide observed by scanning electron microscope was similar to exosomes (Figure 1B)
Summary
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are an important component of the natural defenses of most living organisms against invading microorganisms and are relatively small (
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