The ignition of fine iron particles in the Knudsen transition regime

Abstract

A theoretical model is considered to predict the minimum ambient gas temperature at which fine iron particles can undergo thermal runaway–the ignition temperature. The model accounts for Knudsen transition transport effects, which become significant when the particle size is comparable to, or smaller than, the molecular mean free path of the surrounding gas. Two kinetic models for the high-temperature solid-phase oxidation of iron are analyzed. The first model (parabolic kinetics) considers the inhibiting effect of the iron oxide layers at the particle surface on the kinetic rate of oxidation, and a kinetic rate independent of the gaseous oxidizer concentration. The ignition temperature is solved as a function of particle size and initial oxide layer thickness with an unsteady analysis considering the growth of the oxide layers. In the free-molecular limit (small particles), the thermal insulating effect of transition heat transport can lead to a decrease of ignition temperature with decreasing particle size; however, the presence of the oxide layer slows the reaction kinetics, and its increasing proportion in the small-particle limit can lead to an increase of ignition temperature with decreasing particle size. This effect is observed for sufficiently large initial oxide layer thicknesses. The continuum transport model is shown to predict the ignition temperature of iron particles exceeding an initial diameter of 30 µm to a difference of 3% or less (30 K or less) when compared to the prediction of the transition transport model. The second kinetic model (first-order kinetics) considers a porous, non-hindering oxide layer, and a linear dependence of the kinetic rate of oxidation on the gaseous oxidizer concentration. The ignition temperature is resolved as a function of particle size with the transition and continuum transport models, and the differences between the ignition characteristics predicted by the two kinetic models are identified and discussed.