The identification of gene clusters that correlate with vascular adaptations after physical deconditioning and exercise training in humans

Abstract

Physical inactivity and exercise training result in opposite adaptations of vascular structure, but the molecular mechanisms behind these adaptations are not completely understood. Therefore, this study examined both vascular characteristics of the superficial femoral artery (using ultrasound) and gene expression levels (from a muscle biopsy). First, we compared able‐bodied controls (n=6) with spinal cord‐injured (SCI) individuals (n=8) to assess the effects of long‐term deconditioning. Able‐bodied controls were also examined before and after short‐term deconditioning using 3 weeks of unilateral limb suspension (ULLS). SCI individuals received 6 weeks functional electrical stimulation (FES) exercise training. Baseline diameter and hyperaemic flow were lower after deconditioning and improved after training, whilst intima‐media thickness/lumen ratio was higher after deconditioning and decreased by training. Gene clusters including the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway (Figure), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1), and extracellular matrix (ECM) components strongly related with these vascular adaptations. Thus, this approach resulted in the identification of genes that may be involved in structural vascular adaptations after physical (in)activity.GL was funded by Gelderland‐Overijssel‐EFRO, NTLvD by the Netherlands Heart Foundation, and JGH by the EURYI award.