Abstract
The results of the research of a composite based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) decorated with CuO/Cu2O/Cu nanoparticles deposited by the cupric formate pyrolysis are discussed. The study used a complementary set of methods, including scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, Raman, and ultrasoft X-ray spectroscopy. The investigation results show the good adhesion between the copper nanoparticles coating and the MWCNT surface through the oxygen atom bridge formation between the carbon atoms of the MWCNT outer graphene layer and the oxygen atoms of CuO and Cu2O oxides. The formation of the Cu–O–C bond between the coating layer and the outer nanotube surface is clearly confirmed by the results of the O 1s near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the Cu/MWCNTs nanocomposite. The XPS measurements were performed using a laboratory spectrometer with sample charge compensation, and the NEXAFS studies were carried out using the synchrotron radiation of the Russian–German dipole beamline at BESSY-II (Berlin, Germany) and the NanoPES station at the Kurchatov Center for Synchrotron Radiation and Nanotechnology (Moscow, Russia).
Highlights
The discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in 1991 [1] and the development of technologies for their production in macroscopic quantities [2,3,4,5,6,7] laid the foundation for systematic research aimed at solving the problem of the practical application of MWCNTs
The SEM studies revealed the presence of MWCNTs with different diameters (Figure 1a)
According to the TEM data (Figure 1b), the average outer diameter of the synthesized carbon nanotubes is about 80 nm, and their lengths range from hundreds of micrometers to several millimeters
Summary
The discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in 1991 [1] and the development of technologies for their production in macroscopic quantities [2,3,4,5,6,7] laid the foundation for systematic research aimed at solving the problem of the practical application of MWCNTs. The use of MWCNTs allow stabilizing the deposited nanoparticles of metals and their carbides or oxides, thereby increasing their high specific surface area and significantly changing their physicochemical properties [8]. Among the variety of methods for obtaining MWCNT-based nanocomposite materials (electrochemical reduction of metal salts via a sol-gel process, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), electrolysis, and physical deposition, such as electron beam spraying, thermal spraying, etc.), the MOCVD method, which consists of the deposition of metal-containing. Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 2993 nanoparticles to the MWCNTs surface during the pyrolysis of metal organic compound (MOC) vapors as a result of chemical reactions on the MWCNTs surface, has a number of advantages. Due to a variety of organometallic compounds, relatively low pyrolysis temperatures, and easy removal of volatile reaction products from the solid-state phase deposition zone, the method makes it possible to regulate the coating composition and the rate of the synthesis process. MOCVD was successfully used to form metal-containing nanostructured coatings of pyrolytic iron [9,10], chromium [11,12], titanium carbide [13], tungsten carbide [14], rhenium [15], aluminum [16], and bimetallic rhenium–tungsten nanodendrites (Re-W/MWCNTs) [17]
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