Abstract
^^hen Napoleon's army marched on Egypt, on the eve of the nineteenth century, the Mamluk ruler and commander of the Egyptian defense forces picked from his loyal troops the most courageous soldier and ordered him to march forward to the enemy lines and challenge Napoleon, the enemy commander, to a duel. With sword drawn, fanfare blowing, and drums beating, the Egyptian hero mounted his decorated horse and advanced. As soon as the French forces knew what he was about, they ans wered with one rifle shot, and the Egyptian hero fell bleeding from a mortal wound. This is a real story, and it expresses clear ly the gap that existed between Western society and Arab so ciety at the close of the eighteenth century. For Egypt and the Arabs, the time was still the Middle Ages. For the West, it was modern times.
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