Abstract
Melancholic psychosis was the first mental disease to be identified by ancient medicine; it is also the illness which was most discussed and described by physicians and philosophers of the Graeco-Roman period. In fact the most important of them, particularly those of naturalistic trend, faced the problem of melancholis: Hippocrates, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Diocles of Caristo, Asclepiades, Soranus of Ephesus, Galen,Caelius Aurelianus, Alexander Trailianus, Aetius of Amida and Avicenna, to mention but the greatest scholars, enquired into the causes and symptomatology of melancholia.
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