Abstract

Our immune system actively fights bacteria and viruses, and it must strike a delicate balance between over- and under-reaction, just like Daedalus and Icarus in Greek mythology, who could not escape their imprisonment by flying too high or too low. Both human amniotic epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells and the conditioned medium generated from their culture exert multiple immunosuppressive activities. They have strong immunomodulatory properties that are influenced by the types and intensity of inflammatory stimuli present in the microenvironment. Notably, very recently, the immunomodulatory activity of human adult renal stem/progenitor cells (ARPCs) has been discovered. ARPCs cause a decrease in Tregs and CD3+ CD4− CD8− (DN) T cells in the early stages of inflammation, encouraging inflammation, and an increase in the late stages of inflammation, favoring inflammation quenching. If the inflammatory trigger continues, however, ARPCs cause a further increase in DN T cells to avoid the development of a harmful inflammatory state. As in the flight of Daedalus and Icarus, who could not fly too high or too low to not destroy their wings by the heat of the sun or the humidity of the sea, in response to an inflammatory environment, stem cells seem to behave by paying attention to regulating T cells in the balance between immune tolerance and autoimmunity. Recognizing the existence of both suppressive and stimulatory properties, and the mechanisms that underpin the duality of immune reaction, will aid in the development of active immunotherapeutic approaches that manipulate the immune system to achieve therapeutic benefit.

Highlights

  • Angela Picerno 1, Giuseppe Castellano 2, Claudia Curci 3, Katarzyna Kopaczka 4, Alessandra Stasi 3, Giovanni Battista Pertosa 3, Carlo Sabbà 1, Loreto Gesualdo 3, Roberto Gramignoli 4† and Fabio Sallustio 1*†

  • 500 million years ago, Perinatal and Renal Stem cells Immunomodulation we have pieces of evidence supporting the rise of adaptive immune system in the evolution, confinely to vertebrates, in response to complex systems and growing risks associated with elaborate activities and metabolism

  • The same group reported for the first time the constitutive presence of all five plasma membrane nucleotidases on a single non-neoplastic cell, suggested as such ecto-enzymatic activity plays an important role in addition to the nonpolymorphic human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) mediation

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Summary

Introduction

Angela Picerno 1, Giuseppe Castellano 2, Claudia Curci 3, Katarzyna Kopaczka 4, Alessandra Stasi 3, Giovanni Battista Pertosa 3, Carlo Sabbà 1, Loreto Gesualdo 3, Roberto Gramignoli 4† and Fabio Sallustio 1*†. Very recently, the immunomodulatory activity of human adult renal stem/progenitor cells (ARPCs) has been discovered.

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