Abstract
This essay is devoted to the study of science in a long-successful political structure, the Universal Monarchy. Because the Iberian Empires did not survive into modernity, they have been viewed as incompatible with modern science. This, however, is a matter of perspective. From 1500 to 1800, science was one of the main instruments of Iberian representation in the New World. While it was not expressed in the familiar language of objectivity and was far from experimentalism, a kind of science defined by religious, courtier, and symbolic meanings shaped the dream of a Universal Monarchy. When this political concept became peripheral in the new Western order, Creole cultures reappropiated its practices to mark the identity of their new nations. However, even before colonial emancipation, these new national identities (American, not European; local, not universal) were based firmly in the natural knowledge of the New World regions they represented.
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