Abstract
Changes in forest range are caused by human activity in many regions of the world. The aim of this paper is an attempt to determine the impact of pastoral and forest management on changes in forest cover and their fragmentation in the Silesian Beskids (southern Poland) in 1848–2015. Historical maps and landscape metrics were used to study changes in forest cover. Using a digital map of forests, analyses of the distribution of forest communities, site types and their condition were conducted. Since 1848 the forest area has increased by 11.8%, while the area of forest core zones has increased by 16.2%, accompanied by a 4.5% reduction in the forest’s internal buffer zone. From the mid-nineteenth century, the forest range has been systematically growing from 82.1 to 93.9% because of the pastureland abandonment and forest regeneration, despite temporary logging resulting in forest fragmentation. Minor changes in core area index (CAI) from 80.41 to 87.55 indicate that pastoral economy did not result in considerable fragmentation of forests. The impact of forest management was greater as the sites characterised by natural condition occupy only 28% of the forest land and anthropogenically transformed ones dominate occupying over 50%. An artificial spruce monoculture was died-off and large felling areas were created at the beginning of the twenty-first century covering almost 40% of the study area.
Highlights
The degradation of forest cover all over the world is often connected with human activity [1].The rate of this degradation is different in each climate zone and depends on types of land use [2,3,4,5].In the temperate zone, changes in forest areas in mountain areas were historically connected with sheep grazing and pastoral and agricultural purposes [6,7,8,9]
These changes have become more pronounced in all climate zones that support forests and have frequently led to reductions in the extent of forests in favour of agricultural areas and building developments related to rapid population growth in developing countries [19]
From the mid-nineteenth century, the forest range in the Silesian Beskids has been systematically growing, from 82.1 to 93.9%. This is related to the gradual abandonment of the pastoral economy and forest regeneration, despite temporary logging resulting in forest fragmentation
Summary
The degradation of forest cover all over the world is often connected with human activity [1].The rate of this degradation is different in each climate zone and depends on types of land use [2,3,4,5].In the temperate zone, changes in forest areas in mountain areas were historically connected with sheep grazing and pastoral and agricultural purposes [6,7,8,9]. The degradation of forest cover all over the world is often connected with human activity [1]. The rate of this degradation is different in each climate zone and depends on types of land use [2,3,4,5]. These changes have become more pronounced in all climate zones that support forests and have frequently led to reductions in the extent of forests in favour of agricultural areas and building developments related to rapid population growth in developing countries [19]. Over the past several decades, this has been accompanied by a considerable increase in spatial diversification, causing disruption in the functioning of ecosystems and landscapes [21,22,23]
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