Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are suspected to cause wide environmental pollution and have adverse effects on human health. Three priority control phthalates, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were determined in 45 water samples from the largest drinking water source in Jilin Province. Chromophoric-dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which are composed of complex compounds and are a proxy for water quality, can be monitored using a fluorometer. This study attempted to understand the correlations of the CDOM fluorescence regional integration (FRI) components with PAEs and CDOM characteristics under seasonal and spatial variations in the Erlong Lake. The characteristics of the CDOM absorption parameters in different water samples showed a higher aromatic content and molecular weight in October because of increased terrestrial inputs. The Σ3PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.231 mg L−1 to 0.435 mg L−1 in water, and DEP contributed to more than 90% of the Σ3PAEs. The FRI method identified five fluorescence components: one tyrosine-like (R1), one tryptophan-like (R2), one fulvic-like (R3), one microbial protein-like (R4), and one humic-like (R5) component. However, significant relationships exist between DEP and R3 (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001), R4 (R2 = 0.77, p < 0.001), and R5 (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.001). Quantifying the relationship between CDOM and PAEs was highly significant, because the results will simplify the componential analysis of pollutants from a spatiotemporal perspective as compared to traditional chemical measurements. The human health risk assessment results revealed no human health risk (HQ < 1) in the Erlong Lake basin.
Highlights
Lakes are critical in the transportation, transformation, and storage of large amounts of carbon from terrestrial sources, and they contribute to regional effects on climate [1,2]
The Σ3PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.231 mg L−1 to 0.435 mg L−1, and the arithmetic mean is
The Σ3PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.231 mg L−1 to 0.435 mg L−1, and diethyl phthalate (DEP) accounted more than 90% of ∑3PAEs in this lake
Summary
Lakes are critical in the transportation, transformation, and storage of large amounts of carbon from terrestrial sources, and they contribute to regional effects on climate [1,2]. With the development of industry and agriculture, lakes are disturbed by anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural, industrial activities, and living organic pollutants that destroy water quality and ecological balance, Int. J. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1109; doi:10.3390/ijerph15061109 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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