Abstract
Abstract. The relatively warm early Holocene climate in the Nordic Seas, known as the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM), is often associated with an orbitally forced summer insolation maximum at 10 ka BP. The spatial and temporal response recorded in proxy data in the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas reveals a complex interaction of mechanisms active in the HTM. Previous studies have investigated the impact of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), as a remnant from the previous glacial period, altering climate conditions with a continuous supply of melt water to the Labrador Sea and adjacent seas and with a downwind cooling effect from the remnant LIS. In our present work we extend this approach by investigating the impact of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) on the early Holocene climate and the HTM. Reconstructions suggest melt rates of 13 mSv for 9 ka BP, which result in our model in an ocean surface cooling of up to 2 K near Greenland. Reconstructed summer SST gradients agree best with our simulation including GIS melt, confirming that the impact of the early Holocene GIS is crucial for understanding the HTM characteristics in the Nordic Seas area. This implies that modern and near-future GIS melt can be expected to play an active role in the climate system in the centuries to come.
Highlights
Nordic Seas reveals a complex interaction of mechanisms ac- Compared to this impaOct ocfeoarbnitalSfocrcieinng,cthee effect of varitive in the HTM
As discussed in Sect. 3.1.1, we have simulated clear cooling patterns in the Labrador Sea, the Irminger Sea and the Nordic Seas. What has caused these cooling patterns? In our simulations we find the impacts of the following forcings on August sea surface temperatures (SSTs): F1, Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) melt near Greenland; F2, Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) melt water in the Labrador Sea; F3, the topography and surface albedo of the remnant LIS; and F4, the combination of all forcings
We have applied a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice– vegetation model to study the impact of early Holocene GIS melt on the climate of the Nordic Seas
Summary
Nordic Seas reveals a complex interaction of mechanisms ac- Compared to this impaOct ocfeoarbnitalSfocrcieinng,cthee effect of varitive in the HTM. Previous studies have investigated the im- ations in atmospheric greenhouse gases on the temperature pact of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS), as a remnant from response is relatively small (Renssen et al, 2009). The previous glacial period, altering climate conditions with the HTM is mainly orbitally forced, the spatial and temporal a continuous supply of melt water to the Labrador Sea and response of the climate system is diverse. In our present work we extend this approach by investigating the impact of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) on atures were often delayed by several thousand years compared to the summer insolatiSonomliadximEuamr,tahs evidenced by numerous terrestrial and marine proxy records The causes of this spatial and temporal comsuggest melt rates of 13 mSv for 9 ka BP, which result in our plexity of the HTM have not been resolved for all regions, for
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