The history of cybernetics in McOndo

Abstract

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Volpi, El Insomnio de Bolívar, 68. 2. Ibid., 74–75. 3. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 9. 4. Ibid., 98. 5. Márquez, Cien Años de Soledad, 23. 6. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 2. 7. Ibid., 98. 8. Ibid., 99. 9. Ibid.,139. 10. For a general discussion of this literature, see Roberts, ‘Situating Science in Global History.’ 11. Exemplary cases of such tradition are: Raj, Relocating Modern Science; Delbourgo and Dew, Science and Empire; Fan, British Naturalists; Schaffer et al., Brokered World. 12. Schaffer et al., Brokered World, xxxvii. 13. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 59. 14. Ibid., 56. 15. Sivasundaram, ‘Science and the Global,’ 157. 16. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 30–31. 17. Edgerton, The Shock of the Old. 18. I also follow here David Edgerton’s suggestion of replacing global south with poor countries for sake of historical accuracy. 19. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 7. 20. Ibid. 21. I have addressed this issue already in Saraiva, ‘Inventing the Technological Nation’. The article is part of a special issue of this journal edited by Konstantinos Chatzis dedicated to the national identity of engineers. 22. For an introduction to this historiography in English see, Saldaña, ‘Introduction: Latin American Scientific Theater’. 23. See for example, Glick, ‘Science and Independence;’ Peset, Ciencia y Libertad; Arboleda, ‘Ciencia y nacionalismo.’ For the specific case of Chile the literature is not so rich. See, nevertheless, Jaksic and Serrano, ‘In the Service of the Nation.’ 24. Saldaña, ‘Introduction: Latin American Scientific Theater.’ 25. Ibid. 26. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 7. 27. Lafuente, ‘Enlightenment in an Imperial Context.’ 28. Ibid., 173. 29. It is certainly also worthy to place Medina’s book in the context of the current reevaluation of the role of computers from instruments of bureaucratic oppression into materializations of liberating utopian visions as the one undertaken in Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture. 30. Saraiva, Fascist Pigs. 31. Medina, Cybernetic Revolutionaries, 223–34. 32. Ibid., 18. 33. John McNeill following malaria mosquitoes in the greater Caribbean or Andrew Zimmerman following the new South in the USA, Togo, and Germany, are excellent examples. McNeill, Mosquito Empires; Zimmerman, Alabama in Africa. 34. Unexpectedly there are only a few truly transnational accounts in the edited volume, Hecht, Entangled Geographies. 35. Notable exceptions are Lopes and Podgorny, ‘Shaping of Latin American Museums;’ McCook, States of Nature.