Abstract
Intellectuals as presidents are few—seven in all—and mostly far between: the two Adamses, Jefferson, and Madison early on; the first Roosevelt and Wilson early in the last century; and Obama most recently. The early cluster springs in part from social recruitment and education then prevailing. The later pair also came at a time of elevated public discourse. The latest seems to be a product of sheer chance. The intellectualism of the latter three was self‐conscious and mostly constructive to their presidencies. The prospects for future intellectuals as presidents are not bright.
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