Abstract
Nucleosomes composed of histone octamer and DNA are the basic structural unit in the eukaryote chromosome. Under the stimulation of various factors, histones will undergo posttranslational modifications such as methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination, which change the three-dimensional structure of chromosomes and affect gene expression. Therefore, the combination of different states of histone modifications modulates gene expression is called histone code. The formation of learning and memory is one of the most important mechanisms for animals to adapt to environmental changes. A large number of studies have shown that histone codes are involved in the formation and consolidation of learning and memory. Here, we review the most recent literature of histone modification in regulating neurogenesis, dendritic spine dynamic, synapse formation, and synaptic plasticity.
Highlights
Histone modification, as a precise regulation of gene expression to make cells adapt to changes in the environment, plays an important role in neuronal development, plasticity, and behavioral memory
The nomenclature of histone modification is as follows, such as H3K9me3, histone 3 (H3) refers to the core histone protein, K refers to the amino acid, the number 9 indicates the position of lysine residue from the N-terminal end of the amino acid tail of histone protein, and me3 refers to the type of modification on the lysine residue [6]
Trimethylaton Methylation Monoubiquitination catalyzes the di- and trimethylation of H3K4, while KDM5 executes H3K4 demethylation [25,26,27]. These results suggest that the methylation of H3K4 is very important for the neuronal development and function in the central nervous system [28, 29]
Summary
As a precise regulation of gene expression to make cells adapt to changes in the environment, plays an important role in neuronal development, plasticity, and behavioral memory. Histone posttranslational modifications affect the spatial structure of chromatin, modulate the transcript and expression of genes, and change biological functions. Accumulated evidence has shown that histone modification-mediated chromatin structure remodeling promotes the formation of excitatory synapses and hippocampal-dependent long-term memory. The most important forms of synaptic plasticity are long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD). These two distinct types of synaptic plasticity reflect the increase and decrease of synaptic transmission efficiency, respectively, and extensive research has been conducted in the field of learning and memory
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