The Hippo Size Control Pathway—Ever Expanding

Abstract

An important regulator of organ size and tumorigenesis is the Hippo pathway. Recent studies have unveiled increasing complexity in regulation of Hippo pathway activity at the level of the oncoprotein Yes-associated protein (YAP). The protein tyrosine phosphatase 14 (PTPN14, known as Pez in Drosophila) was identified as a protein that antagonizes the function of the key Hippo pathway protein YAP by promoting its cytoplasmic localization under high cell density conditions. In Drosophila, Pez was identified as a repressor of epithelial proliferation in vivo. Studies in mammalian cells showed that a family of G protein-coupled receptors, the protease-activated receptors, functioned as activators of YAP. These studies shed light on the intricate regulation of the Hippo pathway and also highlight the importance of investigating these newly discovered regulatory links in physiological and pathological settings to fully appreciate their importance.